Inspired by the success of the Silicon Valley, numerous states began to establish special economic zones, or scientific parks in pursue of economic growth in a region and diversification of the innovation potential. Considered to be a tool for attraction the small companies with high innovative orientation, such parks have become an international phenomenon. The variety of patterns of existing parks can be explained by the difference in social-economic formation of specific countries, their history, cultural legacy and mentality. Having come through difficult economic reforms of 80s-90s, Russia found itself in a situation of strong crude materials dependence and relative inability to compete successfully on the international and domestic markets. Recent trend in IT and innovation technologies suggested the need for the country to catch up with those who in the lead. Skolkovo is an example of how Russian officials adopt best foreign practices for domestic market in order to eliminate the problem of long-term lagging. However, Skolkovo, despite being protected by the government, is deemed to have a lot of problem inherited from Russian mentality and business ethics. The need for finding the solution of long standing problems justifies the purpose of this paper. Purpose of the paper is to investigate nature of science parks, in particular Skolkovo Project. We hypothesize that the model of Skolkovo’s development can be successful in the current Russian economic environment.
One country is comparable to the United States of America in terms of world power and prominence. Russia makes their name known beginning in World War 2 (WW2), later in the Korean War, Cold War, and today’s proxy war in the Syria. Russia’s culture, environment, politics, military, and economy do not just make Russia a regional powerhouse, but slowly becoming a region of influential power to surrounding countries with the end state of a global superpower. All the factors that make Russia the powerhouse that it is slowly becoming, highlights the impressive trend that supersedes the previous Soviet Union and past leaders.
It is only reasonable that any investor interested in starting a company in a developing nation to research and investigate the business landscape in such an unfamiliar terrain before opening up operations there. This is beneficial, as it will provide the prospective investor with important information about the business environment and practices. In particular, an investor should analyze the labor market, examine the costs of founding a company and consider the possible business ethics challenges. In our case, Zhuk needed to make certain his business strategy was in tune with the local culture, business practices and laws in Ukraine.
Russia’s economy is very complex and also very terrible at the same time. Many other economy’s are also like this but Russia’s is a very interesting thing to learn about. Russia’s economy has many things wrong with it that in the long run could probably affected it in a negative way. But it also has many positive things about it.The negatives and the positives are, in my opinion, are equal in Russia economy.
The Historically Underutilized Business Zones (HUBzone) is a program created under the Small Business Reauthorization act of 1997. The goal of HUBzone is to “help small businesses in urban and rural communities gain preferential access to federal procurement opportunities.” The program was designed so an increase in federal contract opportunities could in turn promote employment opportunities, investment, and economic development in designated HUBzones. HUBzones are defined as nonmetropolitan counties, qualified census tracts, and lands within an Indian reservation. In order to achieve this goal, almost all federal agencies are required to award 3% of prime contracts to businesses with HUBzone certification. Currently the federal government spends approximately $600 Billion on prime contracts that results in $18 billion in federal contracts awarded to HUBzone contractors. (SBA)
Russian Federation has a long and interesting history. Many different events the structure and development of the country. Nowadays, Russia plays one of the most important roles in our world. Russia is located at the intersection of different cultures and contains multinational population and ethno-cultural diversity. Russia is an interesting country to discuss its issues of ethnicity and religion, try to predict the future development and economics of the country. How different country’s issues such as class distinction, equity and equality, race, religion, nationalism and other political variables are solved or considered by the state at least. The main goal of this work is to show weaknesses and struggles which Russia faces on the road
The Russian state has been characterized by its strong heritage of powerful, autocratic leadership. This domination by small ruling elite has been seen throughout Russia's history and has transferred into its economic history. Throughout the Russian czarist period, to the legacy of seventy years of communism; Russia has been a country marked by strong central state planning, a strict command economy and an overall weak market infrastructure (Goldman, 2003). Self-interest, manipulation and corruption have all been present in the Russian economy, and have greatly helped the few as opposed to the many. To this day, Russia still struggles with creating a competitive and fair market.
The current circumstance might bring a short-term substantial tourism income to the country. However, marketing department haven’t realized that the promotion method is actually breaking the eco system, which will lead to long-term negative effects to the parks for both environmental and economic aspects. Developing the infrastructure of parks such as building bike path is understandable in terms of the marketing aspect, is increasing the satisfaction of visitors. By innovating different program regularly might attract people who had visited to come again. In a way, it is an efficient way to increase the number of visitors. Nevertheless, ignoring the regulations and negative consequences are
Addressing a decision in regards to the research questions was determined by the comparison data and the projected growth data from several of the sources listed in this study. The data represents that even in an unstable economy the business of an RV park can sustain itself if the park is managed properly. In the area of the Northwestern region of Florida, where tourism plays a big role in stabilizing the economy, several RV parks have had continued success and even growth over time. While there were drawbacks of investing into a business with little experience and not being well known among the RV community, the simple business criteria for implementing an RV park is very promising. The factors mostly considered for recommending the
change was in the lower levels and was had an emphasis on politics instead of
The arguments and findings of the reports can be cross-linked to a number of important concepts in the theory behind science and technology policy. The main concepts that will be used to analyze the finding of the report are the linearity model versus the innovation space and the push-pull concept between R&D and businesses. The linear model of innovation describes as a chain of supply and demand starting with science and ending with economic growth. The science acts a suppler for the demand of technology, and technology supplies the demand of businesses in order to be innovative. The end result of an innovative business is perceived as a contributor to the increase in productivity and as a result economic growth. On the other hand, the concept of innovation space or the innovation ecosystem as referred to in the report regards innovation as the output of an integrated
Important indirect consequences are connected to states and communities in conjunction with, and are caused by, these political and social changes. It is all interrelated. Economists often are impatient with social and political situations and phenomena because they are impossible to place numbers on, and also because they are politically dangerous to discuss. I suppose that everyone knows that social and political phenomena is the core when determining a facility’s economic consequences, because political practices and often corporate management in reality, include attention and investment into these situations and phenomena. Keeping alert to the Los Alamos National Laboratories social, political, and cultural impacts will also give insights as to why it’s wider economic and social benefits are so
The very nature of a joint venture lends itself to competitive risks. Competitive risks include: (1) opportunistic behavior; (2) misrepresentation of competencies; (3) failures to make resources and capabilities available; (4) failure to make alliance investments. The TNK-BP joint venture must deal with opportunistic behavior. Labor laws designed to limit the number of foreign nationals in top positions in natural resource companies are being exploited by TNK-BP. The Russian shareholders of AAR are using the laws to limit the number of foreign managers and specialists working in Russia. The ultimate goal is to place more Russians into top positions and to use the leverage provided by that leadership to achieve AAR objectives. The main dispute revolves around whether TNK-BP should be allowed to expand outside Russia
Basic research is restricted to public research centres such as universities. However, one of the most active and internationalized types of public research centre are CSIC centres in Catalonia, of which nine are dedicated to basic research. These centres were also heavily affected by the court’s delay in regional and national boundaries. However, support for these centres has since strengthened with agreements with the Catalan government in order to provide more integration with the RIS.
Regional economic integration has allowed countries to concentrate on issues that pertain to their respective stages of development, in addition to encouraging trade between neighbors. There are five main stages of economic integration: Free trade area, customs union, common market, economic union and political union. Free trade areas exist as the most basic type of economic cooperation. Here, member countries remove all trade barriers but remain free to determine their own trade policies with nonmember nations. An example of this is the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA). Customs unions are similar to free trade zones in that they provide economic cooperation, along with the elimination of trade barriers among member countries. The primary difference from the free trade area is that trade with nonmember countries are treated in a similar fashion as trade with member countries. An example of this is The Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC). Common markets exist to create economically integrated markets between member countries. Trade barriers are removed, in addition to any restrictions on the capital and labor movement between member countries. Similar to customs unions, there is a common trade policy with nonmember nations. The primary advantage to workers is that a visa or work permit is not required for employment in another member country of a common market. An example is the Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA). Economic union is created when
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ........................................................................................................ 2 INTRODUCTION................................................................................................................... 3 SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY POLICY ................................................................................. 4 STATE INDUCED INCENTIVES FOR INNOVATION