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In the report, “Marijuana and Medicine,“ released by the Institute of Medicine, it is stated “the most encouraging clinical data on the effects of cannabinoids on

Medical marijuana is characterized by the use of an unprocessed, unaltered marijuana plant that is used whole or through extracts in order to treat medical conditions (National Institute on Drug Abuse 2015). It should be noted that the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has not approved marijuana as a form of medical treatment (National Institute on Drug Abuse 2015). Conversely, however, the FDA has approved two medications with some of the same chemicals found in marijuana – cannabinoids –

The isolation of the lipophilic compounds found in marijuana led to the discovery of which component caused the psychoactive affects, D9-THC, which is produced from an acid derivative caused by the heating of the cannabis leaves. “It was not until the late 1980s that D9-THC was found to bind to two G-protein-coupled cell membrane receptors, consequently named the cannabinoid type 1 (CB1) and type 2 (CB2) receptors, to exert its effects. Thereafter, anandamide and 2-arachidonoylglycerol, CB1 and CB2 endogenous ligands, were identified in animals andnamed endocannabinoids.16 CB1 receptors are found primarily in the brain but also in several peripheral tissues. CB2 receptors are mainly found in immune and hematopoietic cells, but can become upregulated in other tissues.” (Devinsky, 2014, p. 793). Cannabinoid, a component of cannabis, does not active CB1 and CB2 receptors therefore it does not produce any psychoactive effects within the body. However cannabinoid or CBD is beneficial medically because it counter acts some of the function inhibitors D9-THC causes in the CB1 receptor, thus allowing cannabis to be more tolerable and increase the therapeutic

Marijuana can be beneficial for health reasons. Year 1996, 23 states and Washington, DC passed laws allowing smoked marijuana to be used for various medical conditions. According to historical evidence, India, China, and some parts of the Middle East used marijuana to medicate those who suffered from malaria, rheumatism, pain, etc. By the end of the 1800's, other pain killers were introduced, such as aspirin, leaving marijuana to be less favored. Now in 2015, marijuana is prescribed for symptoms of HIV/AIDS, cancer, glaucoma, and multiple sclerosis. Ironically, two main cannabinoids from the marijuana plant that are of medical interest are THC and CBD; Cannabinoids are chemicals related to THC. CBD is known to counteract the psychoactivity

One of the most controversial topics in modern times has been the medical efficacy of Cannabis. Cannabis is a plant that is used medically and recreationally and is classified as an herb, noticeable by its five spiked leaf structure (Merriam-Webster 2014). Cannabis contains multiple active ingredients that display a variety of psychological and neurological effects on humans and animals. Cannabis is the medical terminology for marijuana, which contains greater than 500 compounds and more are still being found as the years progress. Many of the compounds are referred to as cannabinoids and may show some antiepileptic factors when administered to individuals with epilepsy (Gloss and Vickery 2012). The public today believes that the cannabis prescribed to patients and individuals with drug resistant epilepsy are experiencing psychotropic effects (the feeling of what we know today as getting “high”). In reality the cannabis used to treat individuals with epilepsy is low in delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol [THC] a psychotropic ingredient and high in cannabidiol [CBD] a non-psychotropic ingredient. Since CBD results in no psychotropic effects it has immense potential to be seriously considered as the worlds next biggest anticonvulsant solution.

This essay has shown how governments support and control the use of cannabinoids as an effective treatment for diseases. In the first decades of the 20th-century, medical research of cannabinoids has reduced because of the legal restrictions imposed by governments. They fear of the spread of cannabinoids illegally, and governments do not believe the side benefits of cannabinoids that caused a lack of governments support. In addition, regulating, controlling and legalization the production of cannabinoids will make them safer. Governments should seriously consider legalizing cannabinoids that give a chance for scientists to advance important steps in research. It must be done more research and discoveries about cannabinoids. They treat many

The world of medicine is getting stronger everyday with fighting of common diseases. However, while this may consider medical drugs with healing abilities, there are drugs that are changing every year to adapt to legal issue. This drug is synthetic cannabinoids or commonly known as spice. Synthetic cannabinoids have many different names based on the strength, but will be referred to as spice in this paper. The research has been lacking in what actually happens under the conditions of spice because of the adaption that happens everyday. Three scholars, Max Spaderna, Peter H. Addy, and Deepak Cyril D’Souza, wrote an article in Psychopharmacology journal indicating everything that we know about synthetic cannabinoids to date. These scholars mostly use Logos as an appeal approach to their paper, but these appeals can be turned into a Pathos perspective with exigence weaved into the paper. Overall, this paper is an informative article about what can happen with the use of cannabinoids. This will explain why, people in general, need to know more about this synthetic drug.

The purpose of this paper is to inform the reader on the different types of cannabinoids and how they react with the human body. To introduce cannabinoids, we need to start with what they are and how they function within the human body. A cannabinoid is a mixture of chemicals that are closely related to cannabis, also known as marijuana, which is a plant used to produce various products such as hemp fiber and hemp oil, but it’s mostly known for its psychoactive effects on the body (Figure 1). Cannabis can either be male or female which can be determined by what grows in between the leaves extend from the stalk of the plant. A cannabinoid’s function is essentially that of psychological relief, which consists of a break from pain, anxiety, nausea,

In recent years, cannabidiol (CBD) has garnered much interest among physicians, scientists, and in the medical marijuana market, as more knowledge is gained about its potential medicinal benefits. CBD oil from either the cannabis plants hemp or marijuana has been shown to have a wide range of medicinal benefits, and as such more and more research are emerging to support it medicinal or therapeutic application. Studies have shown that CBD could potentially be useful in treating cancer, diabetes, anxiety, depression, seizure disorders, asthma, and chronic pain, among other conditions. The role that CBD could play as a possible alternative medicinal appears to be numerous, but knowing how CBD works to exert the effects it does is worthwhile.

Cannabis has been shown to relieve symptoms of many serious medical issues such as AIDS, HIV, cancer, and glaucoma. Twenty states in the US have already legalized medical marijuana, but it is still illegal federally ( Medical Marijuana 1). According to the US Drug and Food Administration THC, the most common chemical found in marijuana, can be a safe and effective way in treating nausea, vomiting, and diseases. A study out of the US Society for Neuroscience suggests that the cannabinoids, the chemicals in cannabis, directly interfere with pain signals in the nervous system. This would explain why marijuana is one of the best pain relievers to take. These cannabinoids have been found to help in the treatment of pain associated with chemotherapy, spinal cord injuries and neuropathic pain. The chemicals in marijuana also can help with anorexia, epilepsy, Parkinson’s, and depression. Many notable organizations now support the use of medicinal marijuana including; The Aids Action Council, American Medical Student Foundation, and the Lymphoma Foundation of America. Marijuana is also offered to patients in the form of a pill. These pills contain the key cannabinoids, marinol, and cesamet that makes marijuana such an effective pain reliever. As research on medical marijuana expands, support for it is growing. Many people, including doctors, are realizing that marijuana can be a very good replacement from the pills most people are on

“Currently the two main cannabinoids of interest therapeutically are THC and cannabidiol (CBD), found in varying ratios in the marijuana plant. THC stimulates appetite and reduces nausea, but it may also decrease pain, inflammation, and spasticity. CBD is a non-psychoactive cannabinoid that may also be useful in reducing pain and inflammation, controlling epileptic seizures, and possibly even treating psychosis and addictions” (NIDA, 2015). Since the chemicals can be extracted the patient does not necessarily have to experience the psychoactive effects when using marijuana medicinally, as most would assume. Along with the pulling of chemicals in marijuana, different strains are now being bred, in which the cultivator can compose new strains of marijuana with higher or lower levels of THC or CBD, allowing marijuana to be grown for specific uses.

According to the American Brain Tumor Association (ABTA), roughly 80,000 new cases of primary brain tumors are expected to be diagnosed in 2017, including more than 26,000 primary malignant and 53,000 non-malignant brain tumors. Source http://www.abta.org/about-us/news/brain-tumor-statistics/?referrer=https://www.google.com/ Studies suggest that cannabinoids possess antitumor properties, and particular emphasis placed on cannabidiol (CBD), a non-psychoactive cannabinoid compound and its in vitro antiproliferative ability on human glioma cell lines. Recently, a study shows the potential of the cannabinoid drug, Epidiolex to increase life expectancy in individuals suffering with an aggressive form

Raphael Mechoulam’s study of marijuana led to the discovery of the two chemical components found in marijuana as previously discussed. These are THC and CBD. Due to his discovery, research on medical cannabis flourished. These cannabinoids have their similarities and differences which will be discussed briefly in this chapter. Also, their effects can be useful as a medicine that’s why several researches were still being conducted to test its effects.

Cannabinoid CB2 receptor is a G protein-coupled receptor that modulates immune suppression, cell migration and apoptosis. It also serves as a target in treating neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer’s disease. [1]

Although the medicinal and ceremonial consumption of cannabis has a long history going back centuries, and despite the fact that it is presently among the most widely recreationally used substance, only within the last few decades have the underlying constituents of cannabis sativa and its biological mechanisms begun to be investigated in earnest (Gorzalka & Hill & Hillard, 2008; Akirav, 2011). It wasn’t until the early nineties, with the discovery of specialized cannabinoid receptors and their corresponding endogenous ligands, that the endogenous cannabinoid (eCB) system began to be investigated with renewed scientific vigor (Lopez, 2010; Zuardi, 2008). The outpouring of data, while often times contradictory and perplexing, has lead to some