Estrogen Case Study

Alzheimer’s disease known to be a neurological disorder of the central nervous system is an irreversible disorder in which brain cells deteriorate resulting to loss of our cognitive functions, primarily memory, movement coordination, reasoning and judgment, and pattern recognition. In its advanced stage, all memory and mental functioning could be lost (Healthcommunities.com, 2016). This disease is known to be caused by parts of the brain shrinking (atrophy), which destroys the structure and function of particular areas of the brain (Nhs.uk, 2016). Although the exact cause to this process is not known, research suggest that in the brains of patients with Alzheimer 's disease, scientists have found amyloid plaques (abnormal deposits of protein), neurofibrillary tangles containing tau and acetylcholine a chemical imbalances (Nhs.uk, 2016).

and fallopian tubes. Estrogen also stimulates the growth of the external female genitalia and breasts. Fat distribution in the female is also controlled by estrogen. The non-reproductive functions of estrogen include reduction of LDL (bad cholesterol) and an increase in HDL (good cholesterol). Estrogen also preserves bone strength by slowing down cells involved in bone break down. Estrogen concentrations in the body decrease post menopause which is why women suffer from osteoporosis later in life (Parl, 2000). Estrogen utilizes a positive feedback loop by increasing the production of gonadotropin releasing hormone in the hypothalamus which then increases the release of FSH and lutenizing hormone. This increase in FSH and LH prepare the uterus

Alzheimer’s reports that nearly two-thirds of Americans suffering from Alzheimer’s are women. It is important that this does not mean there is a gender-based for the disease, the primary reason for

Today in the athletic community, young and old, everybody is trying to trump their competitors by getting the edge over them wether its running faster, jumping higher, lifting more weight, or just simply performing better overall. However some of these athletes are after the same end goal but they are taking a different path to get there. Anabolic Androgenic Steroids (AAS) are becoming more and more common among younger athletes these days. There has been much talk with doctors, coaches and parents about the controversy and misconceptions about these drugs and how more athletes are taking these performance enhancing drugs and how they can have many side affects, positive and negative. The goal of this paper is to state that the negative side affects out weigh the potential benefits of Anabolic Androgenic Steroids (AAS).

Mary is a 50 year old female admitted with shortness of breath and chest pain that started early this am. She is overweight, takes hormone replacement therapy. Her right lower leg is edematous and is diagnosed with deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolus. She is given an infusion of Activase in the emergency room and then started on a heparin drip at 1200 uints per hour intravenously once she arrives to the floor. She is going home on Coumadin . The following are the things I will teach Mary to do or observe while taking Coumadin at home.

Therefore medical conditions creates its own group. Studies discussed different problems such as, hysterectomies, thyroid functions, and steroid use. Professor Rocca’s findings are discussed in the article saying that women who get hysterectomies are 140 percent more likely to have Alzheimer’s because it gets rid of the female hormone estrogen. However, most doctors do not give it to protect the brain because of the side effects to the rest of the body. There are other hormones that are causing issues with cognitive loss though. Having low thyroid function can cause it as well. If men take a high level of steroids, the probability of them having Alzheimer’s increases too.

Activation of prefrontal 5-HT2A receptors is associated with elevated mood and improvement in several forms of cognitive function (Fisher et al., 2009; Vollenweider, Vontobel, Hell, & Leenders, 1999; Williams, Rao, & Goldman-Rakic, 2002). Estrogen can increase the density of these receptors in the brain in rats (Summer & Fink, 1995). In post-menopausal human women estrogen replacement therapy increases 5-HT2A binding in prefrontal areas of the brain (Kugaya et al., 2003).

While issues regarding concentration levels of Aβ, the types of Aβ and the mechanisms of its production remain poorly understood, some information has been found. For instance, the continuous overproduction of Aβ at dendrites or axons acts locally to reduce the number and plasticity of synapses (Parihar, 2010). Moreover, in mouse models for AD, the area of amyloid plaques is characterized by highly dysmorphic neurites and spine turnover causing a net loss of spines (Parihar, 2010). Such abnormalities in dendritic spines were found to develope before appearance of clinical symptoms in AD--likely due to cognitive reserve (Parihar, 2010). These characteristics could be caused by Aβ oligomers, which block long term potential (LTP) and directly induce long term depression (LTD), spinal loss and memory loss(Parihar, 2010). Likewise, in hippocampal culture, the soluble Aβ produced

Estrogen and its metabolites evidently have critical involvement in the pathogenesis of tumorigenesis/carcinogenesis. Early menarche, late menopause or estrogen replacement therapy (ERT) increases the risk of developing breast cancer due to the increased exposure to estrogen and dependence of tissue origin i.e., breast, cervix and endometrium. Three important molecules involved in estrogen regulation such as estrogen receptor (ER) which relays the estrogenic signal, estrogen sulfotransferase, inactivates the estrogen through sulfation, Sulfatase, activates estrogen by desulfation and Formylglycine generating enzyme which regulates STS activity. These three molecules were found to have altered expression or function in tumor/cancer cells compared to normal

Estrogen is a hormone that controls sexual and reproductive development, mostly in women. This hormone is predominantly produced in the female ovaries, and plays an important role in puberty.() Estrogen helps in the development of secondary sex characteristics such as, pubic hair, armpit hair, and breasts. The development of secondary sex traits or puberty once occurred at the age of 15, but now the adolescents are witnessing these changes in their body at ages less than 12 years old().

"How Did this happen?" Georgia wonders holding Her now swollen stomach. See 3 weeks ago Georgia was actually Greg, but do to a chemical spill at his local dairy Greg's body started to over produce Estrogen at an alarming rate. By the next day he already so some worrying signs. First he tried to pass them off as not something he needed to worry about. Unfortunately by the end of the first week he could no longer deny something was up. His hair had grown 8 inch in the span of 2 days subsequently he had lost that much height at the same time he started to notice his pecs start to swell and his "Best friend" had started to dwindle. He went to the urgent care office in town and after the test of him and his home the found the tainted milk carton

There are different type of nuclear receptors, types (I-IV). Steroid hormone receptors such as the estrogen receptor is type I. Type I undergoes nuclear translocation from cytoplasm into the nucleus upon ligand activation (hormone-receptor complex). The Hormone diffuses through the cell membrane where it binds to the nuclear receptor/heat shock protein in the cytosol. Upon the hormone binding, the heat shock protein dissociates. Dimerization then takes place resulting in two homodimers where it trans-locates into the nucleus, binding to inverted repeat DNA half sites called Hormone Response Elements (HREs), found within a promotor of a gene. In the case of oestrogen, it binds to oestrogen response elements. The nuclear receptor/ DNA complex

Hormonal hyperplasia happens at different times throughout a person's lifetime, male and female (Mattson Porth, 2015). Times that hormonal hyperplasia can happen are puberty and pregnancy. That being said the growth that was seen with the hormonal hyperplasia was normal and expected during pregnancy. This is normal because estrogen stimulates the endometrium to grow and get thicker in preparation for a fetus.

Obesity may disable memory, in any event for ladies after menopause. A study distributed July 14 in the Journal of the American Geriatric Society took a gander at memory test scores for 8,745 ladies ages 65 to 79. The analysts found a 1-point increment in a lady's body mass record (BMI) was connected with a 1-point diminish on a 100-point memory test.

Thyroid hormones (THs) have a wide and important range of effects within the central nervous system such that, thyroid disorders are one of the causes of cognitive impairment including Alzheimer disease (AD). Recently, several studies indicated an association between hypo- or hyperthyroidism and Alzheimer’s disease. Despite available evidence for this association, it remains vague whether thyroid dysfunction results from or contributes to progressing AD. This review discusses the role of thyroid hormones in learning and memory, and summarizes the studies that have linked thyroid function and Alzheimer’s disease. Eventually, it explores how thyroid hormones can be effective in Alzheimer's disease for a variety of reasons and