Estrogen Receptors Essay

and fallopian tubes. Estrogen also stimulates the growth of the external female genitalia and breasts. Fat distribution in the female is also controlled by estrogen. The non-reproductive functions of estrogen include reduction of LDL (bad cholesterol) and an increase in HDL (good cholesterol). Estrogen also preserves bone strength by slowing down cells involved in bone break down. Estrogen concentrations in the body decrease post menopause which is why women suffer from osteoporosis later in life (Parl, 2000). Estrogen utilizes a positive feedback loop by increasing the production of gonadotropin releasing hormone in the hypothalamus which then increases the release of FSH and lutenizing hormone. This increase in FSH and LH prepare the uterus

A gland called the pituitary gland releases chemicals that stimulate the females ovaries to make more chemicals called estrogen and also progesterone.

In vitro: RD162 was optimized from a screen for nonsteroidal antiandrogens retaining activity in the setting of increased androgen receptor expression. RD162 could bind to the androgen receptor with greater relative affinity than the clinically used bicalutamide, reduce the efficiency of the nuclear translocation, and impair both DNA binding to androgen response elements and recruitment of coactivators [1].

In the female reproductive system a hormone known as estrogen is controlled by gonadotropin which is controlled by negative feedback. During negative feedback from the estrogen prevent the anterior pituitary gland

Both ER alpha and PR receptors are intracellular. They are found in the cytoplasm where they are associated with heath shock proteins. To begin the hormones estrogen and progesterone are released during puberty, where they cross the plasma membrane and enter the cell. Once the hormones enter the cell they bind to the receptor, which leads to the dissociation of HSP protein from the receptor. Once the receptor is activated, it goes into the nucleus to the DNA, where the hormone receptor binds to produce the response. The response of ER alpha and PR is sexual development such as breasts getting larger.

(D) The structures of the steroid hormones GR, MR, AR, PR and ER are shown with numbering of the rings and the key atoms. (Taken from: 1)

These changes are typically brought on by hormonal fluxes that control the different phases of the cycle in order to ovulate a mature oocyte. The average menstrual cycle is 28 days in length and progresses through four distinct phases, each with its own regulatory hormone. The phases and their associated days are as follows: menstruation, or the early follicular phase (days 1–4), late follicular phase (days 5–11), periovulation (days 12–15) and the luteal phase (days 16–28). 1 The major hormonal secretion sites are the hypothalamus, which secretes gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), the pituitary, which secretes follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH), and the ovaries, which secrete estrogens and progesterone. Of the three types of estrogen involved in the menstrual cycle, estradiol, estrone and estriol, estradiol is considered the most potent and is known as E1.2 In lieu of discussing the many hormonal fluctuations of a typical menstrual cycle, a diagram has been included to display the oscillations of the hormones described

The aromatase enzyme CYP19A1 is so named because it is responsible for catalyzing the conversion of 19-carbon androgens to 18-carbon aromatic estrogens . The CYP19A1 is complex bound to the SER of the cells, and is localized in the ovaries, testis, placenta, and fat-, brain-, and bone tissues.

in contrast to the mechanism of action of anti-estrogens such as clomiphene (Clomid) or tamoxifen (Nolvadex), which block estrogen receptors in

SOX10 mutation was also suspected involved in Kallmann syndrome (KS). KS is defined by the association between anosmia and hypogonadotropic hypogonadism due to incomplete migration of neuroendocrine gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) cells along the olfactory, vomeronasal, and terminal nerves. Hipogonadism in some case of KS followed by delayed on spontaneous puberty [61]. Other research conducted by Dravis et al. [62] shows that there were significant reductions on important reproductive hormone expression. Notably, ErbB2 and the estrogen and progesterone hormone receptors all showed reduced expression levels following Sox10 mutation overexpression. Sox10 is preferentially expressed in triple-negative state of breast cancers that lack these three

Ovariectomized mice were used to avoid the potential confound of various circulating sex hormones especially estrogen. Moreover, we find out lack of estrogen causes more extensive EAE and different doses of estrogen could protect against EAE. We demonstrated intermediate dose of estrogen (5 fold lower than pregnancy level) could reduce the incidence and severity of clinical disease similar to pregnancy level of estrogen but also lower side effects than high dose estrogen therapy. Further, we discovered administration of low dose estrogen has a beneficial efficiency in treatment of EAE condition, although it will be necessary to perform supplementary investigations in the future

Sex steroids are known to influence multiple peripheral and central nervous system pathways involved in nociceptive processing . In addition, pain-related symptoms among women can be influenced by the menstrual cycle phase. Experimental pain responses have also been found to vary across the menstrual cycle in healthy females, with most studies demonstrating greatest sensitivity to painful stimuli during the luteal (ie, premenstrual) phase of the cycle. These findings suggest that gonadal hormones can substantially affect nociceptive responses. It has also been reported that women with higher oestrogen levels or passing through their menstrual cycle experience lesser pain, suggesting a hormonal control of pain (Zubieta_2002). A study conducted by Verrengia et al, showed an increased symptoms of female patients with gastroparesis occurred during the luteal phase of menstrual

The ovary, or female gonad, is one of a pair of reproductive glands in women.

Of particular interest are those chemicals, which mimic the female hormone of estrogen, which is

Estrogen has extraordinarily complex biological effects in diverse tissues such as skeletal, urogenital, digestive, cardiovascular, ocular and nervous systems. Apart from estrogens, selective estrogen receptor modulators may be used for prevention of some of the long-term consequences of estrogen deficiency [2].