Estrogen Research Paper

Testosterone belongs to a class of male hormones called androgens that is vital for sexual and reproductive development. The National Institutes of Health regards “testosterone as the most important male hormone”(Rettner). Although the primary role of testosterone directly relates to males, women also produce testosterone at lower levels. Women’s total levels are about a “tenth to a twentieth of men’s levels”(Rettner). According to the Mayo Clinic, this hormone plays a role in sex drive, sperm production, fat distribution, red cell production, and maintenance of muscle strength and

In the female reproductive system a hormone known as estrogen is controlled by gonadotropin which is controlled by negative feedback. During negative feedback from the estrogen prevent the anterior pituitary gland

There is nothing more important in your journey to have the proper support. And I do not mean the family and loved ones support - we will get to them very soon in a later sections. What I really want to talk about is your psychological support from a therapist and finding the right Endocrinologist to medically help you start the transition journey. I found myself really lucky by finding Dr. Michael Caruso in Denver, Colorado, who has served both as my therapist and someone who saw me right away for who I am and helped me in a way I couldn't even imagine a single person could.

Testosterone and Estrogen are the male and female hormones that control how either gender develops. “Between weeks 8 and 14 of fetal development, before the fetus’s sex is determined, tiny fetal ovaries (which may turn into testes depending on the chromosome factor) and adrenal glands release the embryo’s own supply of androgens. These chemicals then cause chain reactions in the body, spurring the growth of the genitals (determined by chromosomes), causing major growth in brain regions and impactful change in

Men need a small amount of estrogen in them, but if their levels get out of control, they can experience negative consequences. The most common symptom that occurs is unwanted breast development. Estrogen is responsible for the higher amount of fat that women have in breasts, hips, and thighs. So if a man is trying to lose weight, or be a body builder, this excess fat can cause problems. High estrogen also reduces a man's sperm count and ability to get and keep an erection. His emotions will also be affected as well, which can lead to depression and anxiety occurring.

Estrogen is a steroid hormone which plays a crucial role in growth and maturation of both sexes. In the female reproductive system, estrogen targets tissues such as mammary glands, uterus, and ovaries. Bone formation has a significant positive relationship with estrogen from puberty to maturation and beyond (Clark et al., 1992). Post puberty estrogen is mainly synthesized and released from the ovaries in females. Through binding proteins or estrogen receptors (ER) found within the nucleus, estrogen is retained and affects specific target tissues throughout the body. Binding of estrogen to its receptor causes conformational change which in turn allows binding to chromatin and proceed with transcription of specific target genes (Murdoch

Estrogen and progesterone (progestin) are hormones used in many forms of birth control (contraception). These two hormones make up most hormonal contraceptives. Hormonal contraceptives use either:

If affects your fertility the most especially if you are in the child bearing age . Progestrone helps the uterus or womb to thicken to receive the fertilised egg and if it is not strong then baby will not be able to attach itself to the womb for full term.

Testosterone is a hormone required for male development and sexual function. It is also responsible for building muscle mass, sperm production, and sex drive. Testosterone also influences male pattern fat distribution, bone density, and red blood cell production. The normal developing male peaks at his testosterone level during early adulthood. Once he has reached the age of 30, testosterone decease at approximately 1% per year.

Early studies on estrogen set out to research why women live longer than men. It was believed that it was due to the difference in hormone levels between the two. In previous years it has been common for women to take estrogen as a hormone replacement therapy (HRT) when they reached menopause. Several studies were showing that estrogen had all of these beneficial effects such as protection against ischemia disease, and acting as a vasodilator by opens up blood vessels to name a few. Therefore, it was believed that estrogen does something beneficial to the cardiovascular system that causes women to live longer. This was contradicted in 2002 when women in the WHI trial who were on HPT had a higher risk for heart attack and stroke. Researchers then set out to find out what was going on with the hormone to produce two effects. Dr. White and others started to study the direct affect of estrogen on the coronary arteries. This research is so important because heart disease is the number one killer. Its medical relevance is crucial to women and men because both have these hormones present in their bodies. It needs to be known whether are not this hormone has a harmful or helpful role in this disease. His initial studies showed that introduction to concentrations of estrogen caused pig arteries to dilate. He believed this occurred because estrogen has two targets, endothelial and smooth muscle cells, which both express receptors for estrogen.

A reason could be that the body already produces enough estrogen but now if you add progesterone it will shut off the secretion of the gonadotropins. If you were to add both estrogen and progesterone you would be adding to the estrogen. When estrogen levels are high it promotes the synthesis of more estrogen. High estrogen plus increasing progesterone cause the LH surge so this is possibly the reason as to why taking a contraceptive with just progesterone might be more affective then one with both progesterone and estrogen.

The female eligibility requirements established by the International Association of Athletics Federation and the International Olympic Committee are unethical and discriminatory. According to these governing boards, it is acceptable to prohibit female athletes with hyperandrogenism from competing at sanctioned events. However, according to Katrina Karkazis of the Stanford Center for Biomedical Ethics, these guidelines are unfounded and essentially disbar female athletes who “are (considered) “too masculine” to compete with other women” (IAAF 2011c, 1). These restrictions are sexist and discriminate against female athletes who don’t exemplify the feminine gender stereotype.

Hormone therapy is not just for those who want to bulk up or those who need to battle a disease. It can, in fact, be safely used as a way to improve your health. It can help to fight many of the most common ailments men and women deal with on a daily basis. However, it is critical for you to ensure you talk to the right professional about these medications. You also need to ensure they are the right product for your needs. The good news is that many people can see marked improvement to their health when using these specific types of products to improve health.

They produce sex hormones which stimulates the production of sperm in males, and eggs in females. Sex hormones also influence the development of secondary sex characteristics during puberty. The ovaries secrete estrogen and progesterone. Estrogen promotes the development of female characteristics and contributes to the development of the reproductive system. Progesterone is secreted after ovulation, and helps maintain uterine lining during pregnancy. The testes secrete testosterone, which triggers the development of male sexual characteristics, and sustains sperm

Estrogen receptors: Estrogens act via two types of receptors (ERα and ERβ), which are members of a large super family of proteins that function as ligand-activated transcription factors (Katzenellenbogen and Katzenellenbogen, 1996). Both receptors have direct differentiative influences on reproductive organs and have similar binding affinity to estradiol (Kuiper et al., 1997; Drummond et al., 1999). Although, there are significant amino acid differences in the regions of these receptors that would be expected to influence transcriptional activity (Hall and McDonnell, 1999). More recently, two Estrogen-Related Receptors, (ERRα/ERR1) and (ERRβ/ERR2) have also been characterized.