Ethical Decision Making Analysis

Decision-making in the field of psychology refers to a cognitive process that results in a selection among multiple possible solutions in a situation (Colman, 2008). Decision-making is based on available information from the environment as well as intrinsic information and existing schemas (Rogerson, Gottlieb, Handelsman, Knapp & Younggren, 2011). These internal schemas, along with knowledge and personal preferences, influence the decision-making process. Ethical decision-making differs from "normal" decision-making in that ethical standards influence the decision maker 's choice (Rogerson et al., 2011). Numerous professions and organization adhere to some form of ethical standards including business,

Making sound ethical decisions require an intentional process that utilizes thoughtful reflection, supervision/consultation, and action. Many ethical decision making models exist and the seven-step model introduced by Forester-Miller and Davis (1996) is a succinct amalgamation of these earlier models. The model by Forester-Miller and Davis (1996) follows seven progressive steps: (a) identify the problem, (b) apply the ACA Code of Ethics (2014), (c) determine the nature and dimensions of the dilemma, (d) generate potential courses of action, (e) consider the potential consequences of all options and determine a course of action, (f) evaluate the selected course of action, and (g) implement the course of action.

Ethical decision making frameworks share similar guiding principles, however there are differences among how they guide the decision maker through the process. The Badaracco Model, Markkula Model, and the Nash 12 Questions Model use a set of questions that the decision maker must work through to solve the ethical dilemma. The three models share themes of asking the decision maker to identify the ethical dilemma, and to look at other perspectives and alternatives. The Servant Leadership Model is different from the other three models in several ways. While the other three approach guided a decision maker through a process the Servant Leadership model focuses more on being a servant. The other models utilize ethical standards to help think through the decision but allow the user to use different approaches. Under the Servant Leadership Model there is only one ethical standard to implement.

Make arrangements to send patients who need more complex care to the nearest available medical centers or hospitals.

Pertaining to or dealing with morals or the principles of morality; pertaining to right and wrong in conduct (Dictionary.com).

The key takeaways from this article range from decision making models to ensuring that employers make an ethical decision. An ethical decision model is a great tool to use when faced with a tough decision to make (Inggs & Christensen, 2015). In order to ensure that a manager has made an ethical decision, he or she should consider everyone else around him or her that their decision could obtain an effect on. As a manager, it is important to utilize every tool necessary to make a decision. It is more important to stray away from the garbage can model which displays that decision making is sloppy and desultory (Kreitner & Kinicki, 2013). Also, it is important to know which biases are showing up in the decision-making process.

Healthcare professionals will be faced with ethical dilemmas throughout their career, particularly in the hospital environment. Having an education regarding professional healthcare ethics will provide some direction in how to best address these dilemmas at a time when either the patient or their family is in need of making decisions for themselves or their family member. It can be difficult for healthcare professionals to weigh professional protocol against their own personal beliefs and ethical understandings when determining critical care for their patient.

Life in the emergency room is can be fast paced, with decisions made by healthcare professionals who need to consider the basic ethical principles of non-maleficence, beneficence, autonomy and justice. These principles are resources designed and intended to provide a comprehensive understanding, guidance and rules of conduct to ensure an ethical and legal decision is made, regardless of the medical staffs subjective view of what is right and wrong (Tong, 2007, p. 7)

Today, executives are having a rough time juggling between the demands of the workplace and those of their families and other personal responsibilities. In a bid to meet targets and other organizational goals and objectives, business executives in addition to traveling extensively also tend to dedicate long hours to office work.

Factors influencing ethical decision-making. In the field of counseling psychology, there has been much research invested into decision-making regarding ethics. As described below, these factors include past experiences of the professional, cognitive biases and beliefs, perception of involvement and commitment, individual differences, and personal values Dietrich (2010). These factors influence the decision making process and the outcomes.

As stated in chapter 12 page 353 Ethical Issues and Analysis: Given this normative basis, human dignity and justice can form the foundation ethical principles for health care reform. Human Dignity places the value of the person at the center of health care decision making, and justice provides a basis for developing health care delivery processes and structures so that health care resources can be used in a way that benefits all persons. Moreover, both human dignity and justice tie directly to the notion that ethics generally and health care ethics specifically are grounded in a normative basis geared toward the promotion of human flourishing and just social relations.

What are the relevant facts of the case? What facts are not known? Can I learn more about the situation? Do I know enough to make a decision?

After learning more about ethics, my ethical decision making process involves deciding what are the facts in the situation and applying the ethical principles. It would no longer involve making a rush decision on wants but, making the best possible decision base on need while minimizing negative results. It would necessitate patience and really thinking about the consequences of my decision.

There are many types of ethical decision makers, and I believe that I am a benevolent decision maker. A benevolent thinks about the effects of their decision, whether it would be positive or negative, and tries to create a better decision for the group.

Change maker…the ones who can see the improvements that can be made in a positive way for the betterment of all. The leaders, the role models, the inspirations. Everyone is an ethical change maker. You could be a housewife, office worker, doctor, teacher the list goes on. There are many ways that one becomes a change maker. A Change maker is anyone who follows through with making a difference in society, no matter how small that difference may be. Transforming humanity on the global level is often the doing of a Change maker, but it all starts with small changes made by just one individual. A Change maker can be anyone and everyone who wants to impact those around them for the better. Any type of influence can constitute a change, whether it