Ethical Decision Making

The method of ethical decision making which was developed by Dr. Cathryn A. Baird presented two components contained in all ethical decisions which are; The Four ethical Lenses and the 4+1 Decision process. The Four Ethical Lenses issue claims that different ethical theories and the means in which we tend to approach the situations which form part of our ethical traditions are looked at in four different perspectives. From each perspective there are different values on which to decide whether the action taken is either ethical or not and each lens also lays emphasis on determining whether the decision made is of ethical requirement. In the 4+1 Decision Process, people who are responsible for making final decisions in an organization do it

The Inclusive Model of Ethical Decision making was developed by Donna McAuliffe and Lesley Chenoweth as a means of providing a useful framework for developing contextual and reflective ethical practice in mediation between ethical dilemmas (Dr. Samantha Hardy, Dr. Olivia Randle, 2012, pg. 71). The Models foundation is built on four essential platforms that are interlinked in order to strengthen the core of the ethical decision-making. These platforms are further followed by five key steps, that have a heavy focus on the core platforms. An essential aspect of this model to always be mindful of is the fact that the steps are not always necessarily done in order from step one to step five (Úriz and Viscarret, 2017, pg. 48). As a practitioner,

It is important to look at ethical dilemmas in a systematic way, thus increasing the chance of achieving a solution that gives the best possible outcome. An ethical problem solving model taken from American sources (Paradise and Siegelwaks, 1982; Austin et al., 1990) was used to develop a six-step process to follow, in order to achieve this (Bond 2010, pg. 227). This process informs this paper, and I am in the role of counsellor.

Apply the ethical decision making model presented in week one lectures (adapted from Beemsterboer, 2010; Velasquez et al, 2009) to the case study.

Making sound ethical decisions require an intentional process that utilizes thoughtful reflection, supervision/consultation, and action. Many ethical decision making models exist and the seven-step model introduced by Forester-Miller and Davis (1996) is a succinct amalgamation of these earlier models. The model by Forester-Miller and Davis (1996) follows seven progressive steps: (a) identify the problem, (b) apply the ACA Code of Ethics (2014), (c) determine the nature and dimensions of the dilemma, (d) generate potential courses of action, (e) consider the potential consequences of all options and determine a course of action, (f) evaluate the selected course of action, and (g) implement the course of action.

There are usually four aspects to assess ethical decisions in health care. These include: ends/goal, means, circumstances, and the agent. Several ethical challenges arise in the health care system, that end up impacting patients and families. Some examples of these can be for instance disagreements between patients and healthcare professionals about treatment decisions, waiting times patients face in clinics and lack of access to resources for the ill (aged, chronically ill, and mentally ill). When in discussion of ethical decisions, ethical theories are something that must be discussed to better understand ethical issues.

Management constitute amongst major components of a company, organization or a business. As such, management oversees employees interactions with their supervisors and also control of people within a particular organization. Also, it includes critical and ethical decision-making process so as to address various ethical dilemmas experienced by employees while undertaking their respective assigned duties within the company. Ethical dilemmas are hereby to stay as issues usually arise now and then and place a variety of options that bear different repercussions. Therefore, it calls for ethical and critical decision-making skills so as to make the most appropriate option that bears more benefits in comparison to other options presented. While making ethical decisions, it 's substantially important to play heed to a certain ethical decision-making theory. This would enable an individual making the decision to ripe best possible consequences rather than living to regret. Moreover, ethical decision making is typically important in business as making a wrong decision may result not only in huge losses but also poor relationship amongst colleagues and miserable life for employee(s) working in a particular company or business in question.

It is important to culminate learning that was given during this course, self-appraisal and evaluation. In my final paper, I will discuss an ethical dilemma followed by an appraisal of my moral and ethical framework. It will be divided into two parts, with the first reflecting on an ethical dilemma case that was presented throughout this course. The information provided must start with a brief description of the case. Second, it will be conversed of what I consider the most significant issues in the case and my reasons as to why they are significant. Also, in this phase the code of ethics of the American Psychological Association must be applied. Third, it will be analyzed if there are any legal or other professional practice issues that would need to be considered to work effectively and responsibly with the case. The conclusion would be what ethical decision making steps I would take to arrive at a resolution of the case and what actions or change interventions would I take in this case. The second part of the paper will provide an appraisal. The first is the ways in which self-awareness of my personal life experiences, including my emotional influence on perceptions of legal issues and professional ethics, could affect my work with this case. Second, how my personal ethical perspectives could affect ethical decision-making specifically

The first step of the Ethical Decision-Making Procedure is stated as, “1.0 Become Aware of Dilemma” (McNamara). According to the given case scenario, the dilemma is clearly stated. It reads that the client (mother) does not believe in rewards or support the use of them for her son. The mother is going against what the BCBA believes in and stands for, thus causing a direct dilemma. Removing reinforcers is not feasible for the professional BCBA, and this must be properly addressed with the client. Situations like these are where the Ethical Compliance Code comes into place for the sake of the clients and professionals involved.

Throughout my many years' experience in healthcare, I have to make ethical decision at work every day. Sometimes it can be very easy for me to make one. Other times, it can be very tough one. However, the nine steps that I have learned from ethical decision-making chapter will aid me to a better process in order to make ethical decision. Out of nine theories,

In identifying the principles and concepts of Evan's case, the author will use "Ethical Review", the second stage of one's approach to ethical decision-making, in conducting this element of the ethical analysis of Evan's case. The most important ethical principle is "respect for autonomy" which .".. generates an obligation to respect the choices which others make concerning their own lives" (Edwards, 1996). In respecting

The ethical decision making process is based on moral rules and unchanging principles that are derived from reason and can be applied universally. These universal rules and principles must be considered separate from the consequences or the facts of a particular situation. (McWay, 2014). Health care workers face ethical issues and have to use the ethical decision making process to determine what is best for their patients.

Making consistently ethical decisions is difficult. Most decisions have to be made in the context of economic, professional and social pressures, which can sometimes challenge our ethical goals and conceal or confuse the moral issues. In addition, making ethical choices is complex because in many situations there are a multitude of competing interests and values. Other times, crucial facts are unknown or ambiguous. Since many actions are likely to benefit some people at the expense of others, the decision maker must prioritize competing moral claims and must be proficient at predicting the likely consequences of various choices. An ethical person often chooses to do more than the law requires and less than the law allows.

There are a variety of different ethical systems that have developed of the course of millennia. However, even though the subject has been covered so thoroughly, it is still heavily debated. The varieties of ethical systems that are in existence look at various ethical problems from different perspectives and can be applied differently in different circumstances. Because of the subjective aspects to applying ethics, they can be as much an art as they are a science. Ethics are something that must be practiced and really cannot be perfected. In this way, studying ethics is a continual process that does not really stop. This paper will argue that ethics are the most important subject that an individual can pursue.

What are the relevant facts of the case? What facts are not known? Can I learn more about the situation? Do I know enough to make a decision?