Ethical Framework Of Public Health Essay

Health care expenditure has been rising steadily due to a variety of factors that in most nations add on to the challenges of an already complex system. In an environment of limited financial resources, increased longevity and innovative health technology providing ever increasing options for care, defining healthcare funding and delivery arrangements within the framework of equity and efficiency poses a global challenge. Advances in medicine and technology in the last decade has further increased the gap between the economic growth and the growth in health expenditure. Governments all over the world have an instrumental role in slowing down the growth in health expenditure without negatively affecting the health outcomes particularly

Health has been influenced by many factors such as poor health status, disease risk factors, and limited access to healthcare. All these factors are due to social, economic and environmental disadvantages. According to the World Organization (WHO) (2015), “the social determinants of health are mostly responsible for health inequities, which is the unfair and avoidable differences in health status seen within and between countries”

“Health is a state of complete physical, mental, spiritual and social wellbeing, and not just the absence of disease” (WHO, 1974). Health inequalities are the differences in health or healthcare opportunities in different societies this may be due to income,

Providing healthcare coverage to all citizens can be challenging to many countries and only the most developed countries have adequate resources to truly provide universal coverage to their citizens. Still, when coverage and resources are not sufficient, care is rationed through limited supply or limited access. Most countries have mechanisms in place, however, to insure that affordability does not limit access to necessary services.

These inequities in health and social indicators are perfect examples of the affect of political and economic factors that influence access to health services (Browne and Fiske 2001).

According to the Centers for Disease Control (CDC), “health equity is achieved when every person has the opportunity to attain his or her full health potential and no one is disadvantaged from achieving this potential because of social position or other socially determined circumstances” (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2015). Satcher (2010) reports that health inequities are “systematic, avoidable, and unjust” disparities (p. 6). He also states that the World Health Organization (WHO) concluded that social conditions are the most important determinant of a person’s health. Social conditions “determine access to health services and influence lifestyle choices” (Satcher, 2010, p. 6). These determinants must be addressed in order to reduce health inequity. Inequity can be

Decades ago Norman Daniels (Daniels 2000, Daniels 2001, Daniels and Sabin 2002) tried to answer questions that “How can we meet competing health care needs fairly under reasonable resource constraints?” and “Is there instead a fair process for making rationing decisions?” The questions challenged society that whether we knew the determinants of having health equity, do we have any solution to provide a fair process to distribute health resources equitably. From his study, Norman had developed a theory of accountability for reasonableness from the study’s results. The theory of accountability for reasonableness (A4R) (Daniels and Sabin 2008) has been discussed to be a process for decision making on health care priority setting (Daniels 2000,

This paper discusses the ideas presented by Richard Wilkinson, in the video How economic inequality harms societies (2011). Three compelling concepts arise from the video which are that there was no longer a correlation between gross national income and health and social problems; it is also possible to attain greater equality as evidenced by what some countries are doing to reduce the income gap; and inequalities vary based on their health impact across the social gradient but nonetheless is present from top to bottom. In order to tackle the health problems and improve the health of individuals within societies, social justice actions geared at the inequalities seen in the healthcare system and other institutions are crucial. This paper also

Over the years, government agencies have tightening their focus to improve the healthcare of people who live in poverty, although the results are not promising. According to Amartya Sen, there has been a misconception that a country needs to be rich in order for it to be healthy (Sen, 2015). While richer societies tend to be healthier, ‘’the connection is not automatic because it really depends on a wide range of factors, such as how societies choose to organize itself and deploy resources’’ (Sen, 2015). A research conducted by Bloom and Canning on how to improve healthcare reform for the underprivileged population suggested that our nation’s health spending was ‘’misallocated and inefficiently applied toward the affluent, and not the poor’’

This course introduces methods for evaluating health standards in populations and the effect that health inequalities have on the health of different populations. This course also focuses on the intersection of epidemiology, health management, and social sciences. This course is relevant to my field because it will give me an overview of the considerations public health organizations must deal with in order to operate effectively

Despite with decades of improvement in health status and introduction of health policies the inequality of health persists in many countries (Marmot etal, 2012; Donnel etal, 2013). Health inequality is the term which means that the difference in the morbidity, mortality, and the access to the health care service depends on the socio- economic status of the area (Hay and Peet, D., 2014). There is a significant difference in the mortality and morbidity rate between the poor population and the people lives in the affluent area in the society (Donnel, etal, 2013). For example, in England people lives in the least deprived area have more life expectancy as compared to the people lives in the most deprived areas (Gov.UK,

This study brings to light malnutrition in third world countries and poor communities, and how poverty and ill-health are intertwined. The facts on inequalities in health between the poor and non-poor and on the consequences of impoverishment and income inequality associated with medical expenses are examined in this study. The description provided of what is known about the causes of variations and about the effectiveness of policies intended to combat them, but too little is known about the impacts of such policies, notwithstanding a wealth of measurement techniques and considerable evidence on the extent and causes of

Access to equal health care is essential for a country to thrive and flourish. Equal access to health care means that all citizens receive the same health care services regardless of race, religion, gender, and socioeconomic status. Unfortunately, health care disparities and unequal access to care is often what many cultures experience. This paper will compare and contrast two very different societies, Saudi Arabia and Mexico. The comparison will analyze health care delivery systems, the accessibility to health care, and the health status of the citizens of Saudi Arabia and Mexico. The analysis will include methods employed by the two countries to improve accessibility and therefore improving quality of health care for their citizens.

Another reason for the disparity in access to healthcare is privatization. In Guinea, private expenditure on healthcare dominates: almost all spending is out-of-pocket spending at point of delivery. In Guinea private health expenditure makes up 89% of total health expenditure, but out-of-pocket expenditure represents 88% of private health expenditure and total health spending per person per year is only $23 (The World Bank 2006). A social contradiction exists here, where only a few exemptions and subsidization mechanisms are in

Even though it has been 20 years that south Africa has underwent the change from apartheid to a constitutional democratic south Africa, when looking at the healthcare in South Africa one will see the fact that the is an unequal access to resources by South Africans. this is seen by the division of hospitals into two section namely the public sector and the private sector which requires medical insurance of a person to pay out of their pocket with the government sending almost the same amount of money on both of the sectors whereas the public sector catering for plus-minus 84% of the south African population and the private sector only catering for plus-minus 16% of the population.