Ethical Issues In Abortion Research

HIV is a heavy topic, due to the fact, a vast number of Americans are affected with this disease. However, when we are faced with a situation that includes HIV that could possibly have a devastating impact on a relative life what do we do? This question is answered by a statement that you quoted in your discussion, “In the vast majority of circumstances, a patient’s HIV status should not be revealed to anyone else without the patient’s explicit informed consent, for both legal and ethical reasons” (Symington, 2013). It is not our duty as healthcare professions to inform the public of any patient’s health conditions. It is the patient’s right to trust that the healthcare system will keep all their information private. “It is concluded that

There are many common pregnancy alternatives, but most often the resulting decision is abortion because it is effortless. Abortion is endings a women’s pregnancy by removing or forcing a fetus or embryo from the mother’s womb before it is able to survive on its own. Not all abortions are purposely done some are spontaneous like when a women that has a miscarriage. Rather abortion is done purposely or naturally it is a worldwide complication as to it being wrong or right. Abortion is an ethical issue that will be analyzed according to a personal worldview and Christian worldview. Ethical thinking will be examined by value-based decisions that address abortion from the perspective of a Christian worldview and comparing it to a personal assumption by addressing ethical dilemma, core beliefs, resolution, evaluation, and comparison.

Another message that was clear to me was that it would be virtually impossible to prove you had told your new lover of your HIV status prior to engaging in sex. Without a witness there, or some kind of a document signed by him, it would, much like in a sexual assault case, be your word against his. My fear is that, not unlike those sexual assault cases, the judicial system would favor the man over the woman.

With particular reference to children born following donor insemination and adopted children, critically explore the extent to which it can be said that the law currently recognises that all children have a right to know who their genetic parents are.

The Center for Disease Control provides leadership, guidance, and research to help control the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) and Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) epidemic by working alongside the communities on a state and national level. They are also partners with other countries abroad in research, surveillance and evaluation of activities among the world’s population. The activities monitored are critical to CDC due to the estimated 1.1 million Americans infected with the disease. Some of these infected populations do not know they are infected and the number increases each year.

“Each person has a right to privacy as to his or her personal affairs” (Pozgar, 2016, p. 111). For people living with AIDS, there are a lot of issues that can affect the quality of their lives, besides having AIDS. Additionally, the topic of AIDS raises several ethical dilemmas among the population. Some of the dilemmas encountered are related to the following: Confidentiality, discrimination in the community, and right to a fair treatment. People who have AIDS need to face problems with the confidentiality about their syndrome. For example, if a healthcare worker gets to know that a physician has AIDS, would it be morally correct to disclose that information to the patients? or will be better to not disclose the information since people with

"Here, since the patient cannot give consent, doctors would need to be assured that a suitable substitute decision-maker is in place and can provide consent," said Judith F. Daar, professor of law at Whittier Law School in Costa Mesa, Calif. "Families must try to set aside their understandable desire to keep a part of their child and focus on what their child would have actually

In this case guided by NY law, since the HIV test was already administered we can assume that the determination was made by a health care provider that he was mature enough to consent on his own and as such his health status, medical records and treatment do not require parental consent or disclosure. Therefore, the best course of action to take with his mother is to address her concerns with not only patience and empathy, but also tact explaining the limits of confidentiality/disclosure along with the state protections afforded her son. In addition, it would be beneficial to assure her that her concerns will be discussed with her son during our next meeting. Once ending the call contact should be made with Rod about the phone call and arrangement made to meet as soon as possible to discuss his mother’s attempt to discover the results of his test. During the meeting with Rod, the limits of confidentiality and disclosure should be revisited as a way to reassure him and talk about why he has not shared diagnosis with his family. Ultimately, the main goal of the conversation with Rod is to hear his reasons and concerns and work towards him recognizing the strength and support that could come from involving his family or other support

There is no uncertainty on whether one abatement procedure is more beneficial than the other. Pollak and Buchanan argue that there was a favorable risk-benefit ratio, but is this benefit valid (all things considered) when risks can be completely eliminated? I question how directly beneficial it was to participate in the study and question the wording used within the informed consent process during subject enrollment in light of explaining that the purpose of research is to gain generalizable knowledge. Furthermore, in the process of obtaining IRB approval, I wonder which of the four categories of research, as outlined in the CFR for research on children, did the IRB apply to the study and how the IRB interpreted “minimal risk” for blood testing children 4 years old or younger. If the IRB classified the study under CFR 46.405, a child 4 years old or younger cannot give assent. Beauchamp and Childress make a distinction between the terms vulnerable and vulnerabilities. In doing so, they “speak of the economically disadvantaged [in the form of vulnerabilities]…a schema of forms and conditions of vulnerability, rather than a list of vulnerable groups” (2009, 254). While the adults with the Abatement Study were not exploited, given undue profit or undue inducement, the adults were positioned within a constraining situation. The situation – African-American families living in low-income/high-risk population

Naidoo, S. & Vernillo, A. (2012). Ethical and legal issues on HIV testing, policy and the practice

HIV/AIDS infection has been an important challenge for public health authorities for more than a decade. Although the annual number of new infections has decreased substantially since the initial epidemic in the 1980s, HIV/AIDS infection still represents an important burden for society and for the health care system1,2. According to the CDC, in the United States about 1.2 million people have HIV and about 14% (168,000) of those do not know they have the infection1,2. In 2011, the Public Health Agency of Canada reported that 25% of people with HIV were unaware that they are infected3. Because HIV/AIDS infection is a preventable disease, testing and detecting infected people represent a crucial prevention measure to control the epidemic. We propose that an anonymous HIV testing program should be implemented because there is enough evidence that the potential benefits for the public outweigh the potential harms.

Many people with HIV and AIDS suffer from serious discrimination. According to an article titled, “HIV & AIDS Discrimination and Stigma” many factors can lead to this unethical and unfair abuse towards HIV victims. Even with the best of health, HIV can impact people’s lives simply because of the stigma that most people, including family members, hold regarding the disease, causing them to knowingly and unknowingly discriminate against others (HIV & AIDS Discrimination and Stigma par 2-5). Those who are aware and choose to stand by the HIV victims are typically limited in their interactions with the victim. The stigma tends to restrict their

This paper presents an ethical analysis of the mandatory newborn HIV testing law enacted in New York State. The law was passed as an effort to decrease maternal transmission of HIV, by treating infants born to HIV positive mothers immediately after birth with AZT. Newborn testing was promoted by the legislative and medical community following the overwhelmingly positive response from HIV infected pregnant women who were given AZT in the ACTG 076 clinical trials. Pregnant mothers who were given AZT had a markedly lower transmission rate than mothers who had not received it. This paper examines this newborn testing policy from a Utilitarian perspective to ascertain if the goals of the policy are feasible. The potential advantages, as

The public health crisis of HIV infection in Russia and the American South have quite a few similarities, as well as some stark differences. One similarity between the Russian crisis and the crisis in the Southern States is the fact that there is currently limited governmental support to address and manage the HIV infections. In Russia, the government fully ignores the crisis and have made no legislative moves to decrease the spread of HIV or aid in the treatment of current individuals living with HIV. In the U.S., there has been a large governmental push to aid other nations with their HIV problem, but no such aid for the African American HIV problem in the South. Legislation such as the Affordable Care Act has slightly improved individuals access to HIV treatments. However, some states have not fully accepted the legislation (such as Mississippi) and additional opposition from the Trump administration will both combine to be a hindering force in addressing the South’s HIV crisis. Another similarity is that many people in both Russia and the South are not receiving adequate treatment or medication to deal with their HIV infection. In Russia, many individuals with HIV do not seek out treatment due to stigma or even some have been flat out rejected by doctors. The South has the same issue regarding stigma playing an important role in limiting individual’s treatment of HIV. Many individuals are faced with such high levels of shame that they

A patient has a right to all information that is needed for informed consent (Baillie et al., p.115). A patient should be told if his/her health care provider has AIDS, in order to be fully informed about treatment options. Treatment by a health care provider poses an added risk to the patient, and the patient must be informed of this risk. The American Medical Association states that nurses should reveal if they are HIV-positive if they handle bodily fluids (p. 128).