Ethical Issues Of Dna Sequencing

DNA stands for Deoxyribonucleic acid. Deoxyribonucleic corrosive is an atom that conveys a large portion of the hereditary guidelines utilized as a part of the improvement, working and propagation of all known living creatures and numerous infections. The National Institutes of Health and Welcome Trust from the London UK and Craig Vendor of Celera Genomics from Maryland USA at the same time exhibited the grouping of human DNA in June of 2000, finishing the first significant attempt of the Human Genome Project (HGP) (Ridley 2). As researchers connection human attributes to qualities fragments of DNA found on one or a greater amount of the 23 human

DNA is a necessity for life on earth. It is a long chain of molecules that acts as a code that defines physical traits, personalities, and even diseases. As was mentioned, people are familiar with scientist changing the DNA to produce better crops in the field. However, in 2012 scientist discovered a technology called CRIPSR (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats). This was such an improvement since it is now possible to alter DNA in humans. CRISPR brings the technology to cut any piece of DNA

As time goes on civilizations find innovations to make living a little bit easier. However, new frontiers often bring struggles. In Flackelmann’s articles on “ The Ethics of DNA Testing” four situations are given and later followed by a comprehensive analysis by both the public and by experts in ethics, law, genetics and any other various fields that correlate with the cases’ scenarios. The first scenario (titled “ A Case of Dwarfism”) describes the story of a couple who are carrying the gene for achondroplasia, meaning they both are dwarfs. The counselor tells the parents that through genetic testing they can find out whether or not the child will have dwarfism as well. The couple has made 3 decisions; the first being that if the child has

Also, DNA sequencing allows matching organ donors with recipients in transplant programs (Biotechnology Industry Organization, 2008). Another societal impact due to DNA sequencing is the use of it to identify paternity and other family relationships (Biotechnology Industry Organization, 2008). In addition, DNA sequencing has allowed the study of evolution through germline mutations in lineages by studying the migration of different population groups based on maternal genetic inheritance (Biotechnology Industry Organization, 2008). Thus, DNA sequencing has provided DNA identification and the understanding of evolution in

sentences. DNA bases pair up with each other, to form units called base pairs. Most DNA

DNA has always been known to the common person as the genetic material that is found in every cell in your body to express your different traits from your hair color to your fingerprint. Though most don’t know that your DNA can also give information about what diseases or chronic illnesses you are predisposed too10. New technological advancements in the medical field have led to scientists being able to sequence your whole genome to determine your ancestral past and diseases that you are at risk for. Companies, such as 23andMe and Navigenics, have begun to advertise and share information about this new scientific advancement that can revolutionize the future of

Deoxyribonucleic acid profiling also commonly known as DNA is a biotechnological science, a forensic technique used to identify individuals by using their genetic sequencing, although most people have the same DNA they have different regions within their sequencing that makes them individual. Profiling is not only used for fingerprinting it is used to analyse saliva, skin tissue, blood, hair and semen. The procedure of DNA profiling is used to identify criminals, disaster victims and one’s pedigrees through paternity tests.

Strands of the DNA are composed of a sugar and phosphate, portions of the nucleotides while the middle parts of the DNA are made up of nitrogenous bases. The hydrogen bonds between phosphates cause the DNA strand to twist. The nitrogenous bases point inward on the ladder and form pairs with bases on the other side, like rungs. The nitrogenous bases on the two strands of DNA pair up, purine with pyrimidine (adenine with thymine and guanine with cytosine) and are held together by hydrogen bonds. DNA has a spiral staircase-like structure. The steps are formed by the nitrogen bases of the nucleotides where adenine pairs with thymine and cytosine with

DNA, Deoxyribonucleic Acid, is the basic structure for all life, it is the blueprint, the instruction manual, on how to build a living organism. DNA is made up of four nitrogen bases, adenine, thymine, cytosine, and guanine which are connected by sugar-phosphate bonds. Through a process called Protein Synthesis, the nitrogen bases are the code for the creation of amino acids. Essentially, DNA makes amino acids, amino acids make proteins, proteins make organisms. This process has been taking place for much longer than scientists have been able to document. Those scientists are called geneticists and their field is genetics.

This could be illustrated in the Human Genome Project, which mapped all human genes in order to eventually understand the effect of each gene in human behaviour. Wallace (2004) claims that the Human Genome Project is perhaps not ethically neutral. Misuse of ethically sensible data was already seen in Nazi Germany and the eugenic policies in many modern societies with practices such as sterilization of individuals thought to be inferior. This should serve as a warning to modern geneticists. First of all genetic research is by nature correlational, which means that it is not possible to state a clear cause-effect relationship between genes and disorders like depression. Secondly, researchers are far from being able to determine the specific role of genes in psychiatric disorders.

In this article very effectively described outcome of growing and developing of genomic testing in today society. It showed how far medicine has gone and how much benefits it gives populations. Genomic testing also deliver undesirable finding which creates ethical dilemma in nursing. Because nursing role is advocate for participant in genomic testing, he or she should protect autonomy and beneficence of participants. In the same time taking full advantage of benefits of the research and benefit society. This ethical dilemma not easy to solve, where so many benefits and harms could be done through incidental genetic finding. This article very well described how nurse should act to protect any misconception between participant and researcher in the testing in proper ethical way. It also effectively describe which guidelines and criteria should be use to balance between the best interest of the individual and society. These guidelines are critical social theory and balance between benefits to harm. it described autonomy of

DNA is a long curved structure, made up of pairs of four specific bases: adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine, is the repository of a code from which all of our cells are made. The code is made up of base pairs which look like the

DNA has two types of bases, these are known as purines and pyrimidines. Purines are adenine and guanine and the pyrimidines are thymine and cytosine. Purines are double ringed structures whereas pyrimidines are a single ring structure. Adenine is complementary to thymine and cytosine is complementary to guanine. Due to the different complementary base pairings within the two groups it allows information to be transcribed. In between the different bases there is hydrogen

DNA sequencing may be used to determine the sequence of individual genes, larger genetic regions (clusters of genes), full chromosomes or entire genomes. Sequencing gives the order of individual nucleotides which is present in molecules of DNA or RNA isolated from plants, animals, bacteria, or any other source of genetic information. This information is useful in various fields of biology and other sciences like medicine, forensics, etc.

Due to the DNA’s specificity, samples can be utilised for identification. DNA is a nucleic acid composed of deoxyribose sugar bound to a phosphate group and one of four nitrogenous bases (adenine, guanine, cytosine and thymine). Each section of these three components are referred to as nucleotides, which are joined to the phosphate or sugar of another nucleotide by strong covalent bonds to form a backbone. The nitrogenous bases are joined to complimentary bases of another nucleotide (adenine with thymine, guanine with cytosine) to create a double stranded molecule (Figure 2). To complete the double helical structure, the molecule coils to compact it’s contents. DNA molecules can contain up to two million base pairs, with a human genome containing approximately 3 million base pairs. The random assortment of nitrogenous bases as well as the numerous mutations within certain DNA sequences, results in genetically diverese DNA molecules and genomes between individials.