Ethical Principles Of Informed Consent

The process of consent should apply not only to surgical procedures but all clinical procedures and examinations which involve any form of touching. This must not mean more forms: it means more communication. As part of the process of obtaining consent, except when they have indicated otherwise, patients should be given sufficient information about what is to take place, the risks, uncertainties, and possible negative consequences of the proposed treatment, about any alternatives and about the likely outcome, to enable them to make a choice about how to proceed.”5

of care and changes in the patient’s condition to revise the course of medical treatment if

“Respect for human beings involves giving due scope to peoples capacity to make their own decisions. In the research context, this normally requires that participation be the result of a choice made by the participants” (NHMR, 2007, p.3).  Freegard 2012 (p.60), states that “respecting the rights of others,” includes a responsibility for Health professionals “to let others know about their rights” and that this forms the basis of an informed consent.

I must be aware, as the patient’s advocate, of the choice of each individual patient regarding his or her medical management or, as in this case, the withholding of treatment.

The patient has the right to receive information necessary to give informed consent prior to the start of any procedure or treatment.

Multiple steps can be taken to ensure that a patient comprehends and understands the surgical consent, including preparing the patient to provide an acceptable signature consenting to the procedure. The first step a health professional can take is to write or check a consent to make sure it is at least at a six to eighth-grade reading level by using the SMOG formula or a computer program (Winslow et al., n.d.). One of the ways a health care professional can make sure the patient is ready to make a complex decision is by asking them if they understand and have any questions about the treatment options, outcomes, and complications provided in the surgical consent (“Body…,” 2011). Including asking the patient if they have any specific

INFORMED CONSENT : Valid consent is impossible. To date, foetal tissue transplants have been handled as any other organ transplants under the UAGA, thus requiring consent of next of kin. The mother cannot give morally legitimate consent, since she initiated the termination of the pregnancy. Elimination of consent, however, would further turn the unborn child into an object; it would be inconsistent with the fact that, biologically, the developing foetus does not interpret the woman’s tissue. The UAGA and the NIH Panel both fail to discern the conflict between normal organ transplants and the function of foetal tissue. In the instance of foetal tissue, the mother is presumed to be the one who gives consent to the use of the tissue for the transplant (or for some other kind of experimentation). Granting to the normal understanding of proxy consent, her role assumes that she is working in the best interest of the unborn child. However, she is also the one who has initiated the final termination of pregnancy. Just quoting the part of the act dealing with informed consent stated in the NewZealand legislation

It is the intention of this essay to evaluate two studies regarding their treatment of the following ethical principles: Informed consent, right of withdrawal, confidentiality, anonymity, and protection from harm. The two articles are: “Infectious Hepatitis: Evidence for Two Distinctive Clinical, Epidemological, and Immunological Types of Infection” by Saul Krugman, MD, Joan P. Giles, MD, and Jack Hammond, MD (1967) and “Perspectives on quality of life of people with intellectual disabilities: The interpretation of discrepancies between clients and caregivers” by Cees G.C. Janssen, C. Schuengel, and J. Stolk (2005). The two articles have been selected for their points of similarity (both include participants with intellectual disabilities who are in some sort of institutionalised care and both include children in their studies) as well as their stark differences. The Krugman et al. studies which have been hotly debated in medical ethics literature for decades and remain controversial. Hindsight may provide a more finely tuned critical lense through which to examine these studies and pass judgment. However, it is important that the same intensity of criticism and reflection be applied to recent and current research such as the Janssen et al. in order to avoid the pitfalls which only hindsight may reveal.

If the patient is taking medication or receiving medical treatment, you may want consent from a GP

Informed consent is the basis for all legal and moral aspects of a patient’s autonomy. Implied consent is when you and your physician interact in which the consent is assumed, such as in a physical exam by your doctor. Written consent is a more extensive form in which it mostly applies when there is testing or experiments involved over a period of time. The long process is making sure the patient properly understands the risk and benefits that could possible happen during and after the treatment. As a physician, he must respect the patient’s autonomy. For a patient to be an autonomous agent, he must have legitimate moral values. The patient has all the rights to his medical health and conditions that arise. When considering informed

What the patient and the physician really want to know in this context is the

Informed consent is going to be agreed for each researcher via telephone before the interview is conducted. Confidentiality—each researcher’s identity is kept in confidence and private. Voluntariness—participants are allow to refuse answering any questions or leave, if they do not want to participate anymore. Autonomy—participants have the right to act and make decisions independently.

Followed by a discussion, involving the patient, possible significant others, and the physician, of the advantages and disadvantages of the treatment options. Subsequently, presentation of the physician’s medical opinion, discussion of the patient’s interests and choice, and deciding the treatment of choice that will provide the best care for the patient. Following the diagnosis and decision to adhere to one of the prescribed treatment plans, is the involvement of the various parties that will be aiding in the patient’s

In modern medicine, informed consent is a principal factor considered when treating patients. In the past, informed consent was not the fundamental requirement that it is today, because patients were viewed as objects for research, not as whole persons (Jewson, 1976, p. 235). Consequently, when wartime anxieties amplified the desire to advance scientific research, minorities were targeted as suitable objects for this research as a result of pre-existent prejudices, which justified human experimentation (Baader, et al., 2005, pp. 229-230). Over time, nonconsensual practice has come to be seen as unacceptable following the emergence of the Nuremberg Code, patient activism, and official medical reforms.

An important initial decision relates to the people who will be involved in the patient 's