Ethico-Legal Issues

Hank is shown to believe that at points it concerning him whether to do the right thing/wrong thing, responsibility of his actions towards the start of finding the money. At certain times he can be self-centred, superior and inferiority

The Charter of Rights and Freedoms (2)“reflect the fondest dreams, the highest hopes and the finest aspirations of Canadian Society” and although “Sexual Orientation” is not recorded under the sections protected from discrimination, it was deemed by the Supreme Court of Canada in the Egan v. Canada, 1995 case to be an equivalent ground to make claims of discrimination; Gay men and women are all

Canada’s laws are presented to be unbiased and non-discriminatory. The law promises every individual the right to life, freedom of expression, well-being and uses sparkly language to prove that no one is above the law despite sexual orientation (Canadian Human Rights Act, 1985). However, this is not the case in regards to homosexual individuals. This paper will discuss how homosexual suffer from discriminatory laws in their everyday lives. The discriminatory laws further lead to myths, ideologies and labels that are imposed on homosexuals (Fedders, pgs.787-789, 2006). Also, in this piece of writing two cases will be introduced to further prove how the law can be discriminatory even though it appears to be sparkly with persuasive language

Sexuality and gender identity issues have had a long history in the fields of mental health and public policy. There has been much debate surrounding the inclusion of issues related to gender and sexual identity in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual since its initial stages of development (Drescher, 2010). Debates in this field of interest have been fragmented between several stakeholders (Ehrbar, 2010). This fragmentation has created complications in the process of developing United States policies that are inclusive of individuals with gender identities that do not match the gender to which they were assigned at birth. Specifically, policies surrounding gender reassignment surgeries have been difficult to develop and

In Journal of Human Rights published in 2014, after the Equalities Act of 2010 enacted, the United Kingdom sees sexuality and gender identities as “protected characteristics,” with legal imperatives to address discrimination, and in Canada in the early 1990s, there were an opposition against gays and lesbian rights, but after sexual orientation recognized in 1995, gradually by 2013, gays and lesbians have equality rights. (Browne, 2014)

There are many legal and ethical situations that healthcare providers will be faced with when providing medical treatment to either a child or an elderly adult. While there is often much discussion regarding the elderly and do not resuscitate orders, there are often times when the decisions for health care of a child may be overlooked. Some of the legal issues that may be faced by healthcare professionals are informed consent, confidentiality, reproductive services and child abuse. Patients have the right to decide what is done to their own bodies, but for children under eighteen, their parents decide for them. A major issue faced by healthcare professionals is parental refusal for treatment. Healthcare providers will be faced with many conflicting ethical and legal situations regarding refusal of a minor’s healthcare and treatment. These issues

Intersex Society of North America’s principle is that “one’s genitals are primarily for one’s own use, not for the comfort of others.” therefore, the patient should be allowed to choose for their own body and not have to stand by their parents preferences. There have been numerous cases, where an infant was given unnecessary surgery to "normalize" them to fit society’s standards. The family of the children were told to keep their condition a secret, sometimes even keeping the condition a secret from the child as well, just like Davis’ story. Today Intersex adults stand up against the medical treatment they were given as children to say the treatment they received was “harmful, lead to sterility, ongoing pain, scarring, and incontinence, loss of genital sensation and sexual function, and depression.” (The Interface Project) Through support groups members have discoursed their views and opinion of surgery performed on infants through their own personal experience advocating that child should be able to have a say in their

Many cultures and countries, traditionally, have viewed gender as naturally immutable, as biologically determined at birth, and as binary – either male or female. Because gender binary is accepted as a norm in many cultures and countries, many have ideas and expectations toward newly born infants – these infants are expected to fit neatly into either male or female, and their sexual anatomies are expected to be distinct from one another. When infants are born with intersexual condition, however, medical authorities not only consider these intersex births as anatomic abnormality but intervene also to “fix” these intersex infants back to “normal” by performing highly invasive genital modification surgeries. Because they believe that intersex

After anxiously waiting for my child to arrive, I was prepared to find out what sex my child would be. However, as the nurse completed the ultra-sound, and I asked, is it a boy or a girl, she stared blankly at me. I asked once again, what sex is my child, and this time, the only thing that came out of her mouth was intersex. Intersexuality was a condition that I had never heard of until this moment in my life. The question of what this condition would mean and how it would affect my child made me afraid because there was nothing that could be done to “fix” my child. According to the doctor intersexuality is a condition that occurs in about 1 in 12,000 births (Hines 21). It is described as having ambiguous genitalia, which makes it hard to decide what sex the child falls into. It was up to me to determine what sex my child would be, and while deciding I would have to think of every aspect because this decision would affect my child not only physically, but psychologically.

MY PROJECT My dissertation project concerns the relational capacities of social gender identity development in current Western culture. This work interrogates the constitutive relationships between dichotomously different gendered subjects, especially in spaces that are considered culturally and legally gendered. In doing so it seeks to track those discourses that inform and shape various socializing behaviors, policies and laws. This discursive influence becomes pertinent in the public and quasi-public spheres when failures to adhere to rigid dominant gender ideologies (e.g. binarism, biologically determinism, and heteronormativity) and taxonomy (e.g. - male, female, cisgender) foreclose freedom of movement, access to gendered spaces, institutional identity and knowledge production, and therefore subsequent legal benefits, social understandings, and cultural reliefs. The consequence of such failures have led to competing identity claims and/or problematic levels of recognizable/intelligible genders, struggles for accurate or authentic representation, and an absence of personal agency and bodily autonomy.

I think it is healthier for a child to grow up with one gender identity rather than confusing them and treat the child two. Gender expression can be binary because even non-intersex individuals are expose to binary gender expression. Also, the ultimate decision of the individual’s gender identity is up to that person. As the child grow up and are uncomfortable with the gender identity given at birth, then always have a treatment option which is “to have surgery to change their biological sex to fit their psychological gender” (Helgeson 1998, p. 7). If a boy is not satisfy with the gender given by his parents, he has the right to change his sex as he wish. However, it is still reasonable to raise an intersex with one gender identity because personally, I do not want to confuse the child any more than he or she might already be. Also, I think it is important to let the child know the gender identity he/she is, at least it will make his/ her life much better growing up. It also has positive psychological impact to the child’s health overall growing up with one gender identity rather than

It is also recognized that there is limited capacity between ages 13 – 16 yrs. This capacity varies with individuals. Responsibility to determine capacity will fall on health professionals and caregivers. Specific legislation regarding the capacity of children to consent to medical procedures exists in New South Wales (14 years of age), South Australia (16 years of age) and New Zealand (16 years of age). The legal position with respect to a “mature minor” is that “A minor is capable of giving informed consent when “achieves a sufficient understanding and intelligence to understand fully what is proposed”. This is usually called “Gillick competence.” (Baur et al., 2010)

In society today, people are always told what gender to be. For example, if a masculine man wants to wear a dress, he will be shunned from society because dresses are for girls therefore he shouldn 't be wearing one. Now for an intersex baby , the doctors practically decide for the child what sex they want the baby to be. Doctors will make up lies and tell the parents that it is necessary for to have surgery because of the baby’s health but that’s a huge fallacy. If given the opportunity to choose the gender on my intersex child, I would oppose toward the surgery of modifying his or her sex. I may not be conforming with the social norm, but I also strongly believe that my child should make the choice of what gender they want to be when they are older.

Gender equality means that women and girls have the same opportunities as men and boys and to be equal women have the same choices about education, careers, and about their bodies as men do. The Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms gives basic human rights to every Canadian, men or women and the equality section of the charter, which guarantees gender equality states 15. (1) ‘Every individual is equal before and under the law and has the right to the equal protection and equal benefit of the law without discrimination and, in particular, without discrimination based on race, national or ethnic origin, colour, religion, sex, age or mental or physical disability.’ This poses the question, “To what extent do historical and contemporary injustices challenge the narrative and identity of Canada as an inclusive, multicultural, tolerant society?” A woman’s choice or right, whether about their education, employment, or their bodies, should be given the same respect as men’s choices, and while Canada has made much progress, there is still so much more that needs to be done. Women should have the choice of whatever they choose to study at a preferred university even if the area of study may be male-dominated. Women are very capable as much as men are and should not get a lower salary because of gender discrimination. Women must have the right to get an abortion for their own reasons and not to get discriminated for their choices because it is her body.

The Canada we know today is nothing like the Canada of the past, today it is ranked 8th on The United Nations Human Development Index – clearly showing it is an extraordinary place to live. However, the nation we call home wasn’t always this welcoming, democratic or peaceful; in fact Canada has a very dark and violent past. Ever since the signing of the BNA Act in 1867, Canada has taken enormous strides and steps to develop into the nation before us. The gradual, yet impactful development of LGBT Rights within Canada is a perfect example of this. This particular community of people had no rights whatsoever when Canada first became a nation, however after a great deal of adversity and many years of struggle, this community has fought its way to become equals under the eyes of the law. Undoubtedly, we can see this in the values of Canadians and the laws which represent our morals. Today, Canada possess some of the most progressive and just LGBT Rights across the globe, while discrimination and unfair treatment has not been completely abolished from Canada (as we cannot change the values of individuals or religious groups), there is a genera feel of acceptance throughout the country. Through all of this it is apparent that Canada is one of the leading nations in this field, but in order for Canada to reach this stage, many battles, cases, and fights were won.