Ethics: Collectivism And Ethics

We must consider the differences in ethical and cultural norms. Although the general principles of beneficence, non-maleficence, autonomy, and justice seem to be accepted across cultures, the priority of these principles may vary between different cultures. In this country the greatest emphasis is placed on the individual autonomy of the patient. Adding that not for all concepts are interpreted in the same way, for some a peaceful death as a "good death". "Peaceful" refers to the dying person who has finished all business and has made peace with others before his death and implies being at peace with his own death. It also refers to the way of dying, not by violence, accident or illness. A good and peaceful death comes "naturally" after a long

Culture is the Backbone of a society, when something/someone tries to alter it or go against it everyone will notice. In this issue pointed out by Ruth Macklin, we look at the problems that can arise when an individual’s culture and autonomy clash. Every year there at least 30 million immigrants from all over the world that move to the United states of America, making America one of the most culturally diverse country in the world. Keeping this in mind, we will focus on Ruth Macklin’s issue of Multiculturalism. Multiculturalism is the co-existence of diverse cultures, where culture includes racial, religious, or cultural groups and is manifested in customary behaviors, cultural assumptions and values, patterns of thinking, and communicative styles. Critics argue that we associate culture with a society, community and or family, but rarely with a single individual, thus placing it above the individual person. In this paper we are going to look at four different scenarios on from Ruth Macklin’s article.

There are many meta-ethics concepts in philosophy that help deal with common objection and disparagement between certain situations and topics. The first meta-ethics concept is Ethical Objectivism. Ethical objectivism is a view where an action is deemed right or wrong without the opinion and thoughts of an individual. The three main branches of ethical objectivism that will be discussed in the following passages are moral universalism, moral realism and moral absolutism. The next meta-ethics concept is ethical subjectivism. Subjectivism states that a claim is dependent on a persons opinions and beliefs. Lastly, the third and final meta-ethics concept is ethical relativism. Relativism involves culture. The following will reveal objectivism, subjectivism and relativism and the ramifications of history, strength and weaknesses of these three meta-ethics concepts.

Using The Philosopher’s Way by John Chaffee, I will explain the ethical theories of ethical subjectivism, utilitarianism, and Deontological ethics. Secondly, I will summarize the main points of my article and then act in response using the three ethical theories previously listed. I will also explain which ethical theory best represents the article. Then, I will provide reasoning as to why stem-cell research is important; and lastly, I will offer two open-ended questions.

Socialism is an economic system that surrounds the central meaning of “common ownership”. It gives an illusion of a good economic structure but it

With the numerous ethical theories available, it can become difficult and overwhelming to decipher which one offers the best guidance. Some might seem to be too strict while others may not offer enough of a path to follow. W.D. Ross came up with a path that provides a median between some of the popular theories by introducing the concept of prima facia duties within the idea of ethical pluralism, a form of ethics in which there are at least two moral rules. Through explanation of what the prima facia duties are, comparing how Ross’s idea differs from Kantian ethics and utilitarianism, and by exploring some of the benefits of adhering to Ross’s idea, it becomes evident that one should be in favor of his approach to ethics.

When one is being subjective, it means their thoughts or actions are being based off of their emotions. Ethics, on the other hand, requires objective reasoning to reach a conclusion. James Rachels states “while focusing on attitudes and feelings, Ethical Subjectivism seems to be going in the wrong direction; when we have strong feelings, we may be tempted to ignore reason and go with the feelings” (Rachels pg 48). This statement summarizes why Rachels believes Subjectivism is going in the wrong direction. When one has intense feelings or attitudes towards something or someone, they are more inclined to disregard reason, and in doing so, would prohibit moral thinking. Rachels has come to this conclusion by reviewing certain aspects of Ethical Subjectivism in the chapter.

In the first five chapters of Ethics Theory And Practice there are four main types of theories Ethical Egoism, Utilitarianism, Kantian Ethics, and Virtue Ethics. I will be presenting and reacting to each of these different Ethics, and presenting my own approach to Ethics.

The additional version of ethical subjectivism is well-known as emotivism. This was very popular in the mid-20th century due to Charles L. Stevenson. Stevenson saw language used in numerous, different amount of ways. Language is used to make statements to state facts. In nearly some cases, saying something that is either true or false, the purpose of that is to convey statistics to the audience. Language is similarly used for additional things too. For instance, say that I said, "Shut the cabinet door!;” this exclamation is neither true nor is it false. It is envisioned to convey information; it is a straightforward command. It has a soul, determination to get somebody to do something to some degree. (Rachels 36-39).

Ethical relativism is a theory associated to the norms of one’s culture. This means the rights and wrongs are based on the society in which it is practiced. There are two different types of ethical relativism: the individual relativism and the cultural relativism. The personal or individual ethical relativism is based on one’s moral outlook, while the cultural ethical relativism is based on society. There are many issues that relate to ethical relativism such as religion, euthanasia, abortion, and capital punishment.

Understanding the different situations that we must face daily is one of the main goals in our lives. Aware or not of that goal, we constantly find ourselves trying to figure out what is happening around us and why people say or act in certain ways. The Homo sapiens possess an extraordinary level of cognition as a mean to understand reality. Ethical Objectivism also called Moral Realism is a theory that holds as its principle that we as individuals must think objectively to be able to analyze any situation rationally. This theory somehow leads to egoism because morality directly benefits our self-interests . If we keep in mind all the great things modern human has been able to accomplish so far its because the capacity of working together

ndividual people do not work in isolation from one another, but live in cooperation with each other and therefore society should share property with people who deserve it. This is the perspective of people who supported socialism and this conviction is quite contrary to that of capitalism, which revolved around individual ownership of property. Socialism, as a political movement, first occurred during the Industrial Revolution when discontent emerged from the disparity of the rich and their workers. Socialists believed that the rich people were exploiting their own wealth and were using workers as tools to increase their own personal wealth and status, meaning that the people doing the hard work remained poor and they did not have an option to try and become successful themselves. Socialism states that society as a whole should own or at least control property for the benefit of all its members.

In different cultures around the world, many things such as marriage and burial of the dead aren’t the same. For instance, marriage in Japan is different than the one that is held here in America. The traditional marriage custom in Japan is that the soon to be married couple would hold the ceremony in Shinto shrine, wearing traditional clothing. There are about eleven steps in a Japanese traditional wedding, which is way different compared to an American wedding.

Decisions we make everyday are influenced in part by our core values. Our cultural background, individual bias, personal ethics, and past experiences help to form the basis of our value system. "We begin sharpening our values at a very early age. Our parents, teachers, friends, religious leaders, heroes and fictional idols teach us right from wrong" (Deblieux, 1995). These teachings help us to evaluate situations and form conclusions.

Ethics is a blend of various concepts and fundamental principles of decorous human conduct. It not only studies these various concepts and principles but also governs the values pertaining to human rights or natural rights, the essential equality of all men and women across the globe, the basic concern for health and safety, and also for the natural environment on the whole. Be it any industry, business, any form of work place, it follows a certain code of conduct, which is legit and undeniable. Apart from restricting the concept of Ethics only to industries and business, I feel, ethics begins from within. Ethics are basically the rules or standards leading to the conduct by which I live my life and make all my decisions. One of the best ways of thinking about ethics is to take a quick look at your beliefs and then think about how your reactions would be when those beliefs are challenged.