Ethnic Reproduction and the Amniotic Deep: Joy Kogawa's 'Obasan'

Love is unique in its striking ability to be a driving force in dictating interpersonal relationships. It patterns behavior and orients individuals towards their distinct, unique attractions. According to Velleman, love penetrates deeper than one’s qualities; it extends to one’s rational will, or the essence of a person. To him, though love appears to have particularity, it is also a moral emotion. Kolodny subscribes to the relationship theory, asserting that an ongoing, interpersonal, and historical relationship with a relative is a part of the reason for love. In Kolodny’s view, the existence of the true self is irrelevant, as is the morality of love. Both Velleman and Kolodny disprove the quality theory; however, their perceptions of love and its morality differ. I believe that Kolodny is correct in his view that morality is irrelevant to love and that there must be factual reasons for love. Although it is enticing to believe that one is attracted to the essence of another, the essence is not motivation enough for love. The relationship theory takes into account the motivation needed to love a particular person from a historical, interpersonal, and ongoing perspective.

People escalate relationships by showing an interest in increasing intimacy. Andersen’s Cognitive Valence Theory outlines the risks and outcomes for making intimacy initiating behaviors. One is vulnerable when increasing immediacy because the communicative partner may either be of low arousal, moderate arousal, or high arousal. If the partner responds with low arousal, there will be no reciprocity or compensation. If the partner responds with high arousal, there will be a negative relational outcome that will reduce the relational closeness. When someone is placed in the situation where they want to escalate their relationship with a friend, they are vulnerable because it could have a negative effect on their relationship. However, vulnerability is inevitable and someone has to be vulnerable when trying to develop relationships further. If the communicative partner responds with moderate arousal and has all six positive valences for schema, there will be positive relational outcomes with reciprocity and increased relational closeness. The main characteristics of being vulnerable when developing relationships, is the risk of not being accepted and instead being

For the Canadian (Western European) case study, the concept of love or at least its modern interpretation began during the 11th century CE, with the troubadours of Provence, France. Before that, there was no true concept of romantic love only arranged marriages or marriages that would cement alliances. Now people marry strictly for romantic reasons were two people get together and eventually fall in love with each other. Most people want a commitment from someone to stay together. When it comes to the concept of marriage Western marriages are monogamous, that stipulates a union between two people. However, though, the concept of divorce is becoming more prevalent as time progresses and the idea of remarrying

The Uncommon Idea of Love In “The Radical Idea of Marrying for Love” by Stephanie Coontz, a college professor, author, and historian on the subject of marriage, the history of marriage and the idea of love was discussed. Coontz covered marriage from many times periods and many countries, such as Greece, France, and Chinese. She also touched on the idea of love and marrying because of it. Her main idea was, “But only rarely in history has love been seen as the main reason for getting married” (4).

A variety of relationships and other forms of human interaction As we know, relationships are an important feature in our lives. It can be an advantage or disadvantage depending on the type of the relationship the person is involved in. Many of the authors, such as Updike “Separating”, Brooks, “The Mother” and O, Connor, "The Life You Save May Be Your Own” all revealed some type of relationship that affected their daily lives. In “Separating” we saw how a marriage and a divorce affected a family relationship.

These models include expectations, beliefs, and desires about the responsiveness and availability of another, as well as worthiness of the self (Bowlby, 1973). Though the working models that are established in childhood are open to revision, they remain active in their original or revised forms in adult romantic relationships. These working models serve the function of helping individuals regulate distress by directing thoughts and behaviors (Mikulincer & Shaver, 2007). Individuals with secure attachment anticipate that others will be responsive; they are therefore more likely to seek support when experiencing distress. Anxious attachment, like anxiety in general, is associated with greater emotional intensity and emotional expression (Bartholomew & Horowitz, 1991). Individuals with insecure, anxious attachment anticipate that others will not be responsive; they therefore show patterns of hyper-activation of emotional response, calling greater attention to their distress. Insecurely attached individuals with an avoidant attachment style show a similar negative pattern of interaction, but in the opposite direction. Similar to individuals who show anxious attachment, individuals with avoidant attachment also do not anticipate that others will be responsive to their distress. However, rather than call greater attention to their distress, they become more self-reliant and

Throughout our lives, we encounter situations of meeting a significant other, however, there is dilemma that comes up way too often. When meeting this significant other, should we display the feelings we truly feel or should you keep it hidden inside? Do people find us more appealing if we show an attraction towards them, or should we be somewhat of a mystery? These are the questions addressed in the article “He Loves Me, He Loves Me Not…” written by Erin Whitchurch, Timothy Wilson, and Daniel Gilbert. Substantial research demonstrates the reciprocity principle, which states that people like others who like them. It does sound agreeable that being adored by others might generate positive feelings, however, if the feelings are uncertain, this might cause them to think more about the possibilities of the situation and increasing their attractiveness towards that significant other. In this paper, it is believed that showing a little uncertainty would lead to a higher rate of attraction and to prove this, an experimental study was taken place with forty-seven female undergraduates at the University of Virginia.

Similar to other several species, human beings possess an innate need to feel attached, to belong, to have a feeling of intimacy as well as to attain a sense of communion and identification with other people. Such human need evolves to act as vital adaptive endurance values that included acting and organizing in groups, courting and selecting prospective mates and sustaining family togetherness during the process of bringing up children. Within the broad context in which the human communication processes evolved, there are two fundamental functions that have emerged: affiliation and power (Wood, 2013). Every form of communication explicitly or implicitly seeks in influencing or responding to attempts to seek connection or disconnection and to influence or rather to be influencing. During such process of seeking influence, being influenced, or influencing other individuals, connection as well as disconnection with other people, communication process may become abusive. The paper provides an examination of the different ways whereby communication alters or exploits the fundamental human functioning (Wood, 2015). To be specific, the paper provides a review of the communication forms that are commonly unwanted in regular relationships while paying special attention to the processes of communication in relationships

Humans are naturally social beings. We have instinctual need to reach out to other individuals. Sometimes this is the case when dealing with issues or feelings. As with differentiation of self, Bowen’s triangle concept has an emotional component with anxiety at the core (H. Goldenberg & L. Goldenberg, 2013). Differentiation of self has an individual concept that is then applied to a couple or a family system. Where the concept of triangles differs is number of individuals involve. According to this concept, relationships only exist with two or more individuals. With two individuals, communication and stability may exist. The problem exists when anxiety or stress is introduced into the dyad. Bowen believed that couples or two individuals

The desire for positive social relationships is one of the most fundamental and universal human needs. This need has a deep root in evolutionary history in relation to mating and natural selection and this can exert a powerful impact on contemporary human psychological processes (Baumeister & Leary 1995). Failure to satisfy these needs can bear devastating consequences on the psychological well being of an individual. These needs might not be satisfied as rejection, isolation, and ostracism occurs on a daily basis to people. Although being ignored and excluded is a pervasive circumstance present throughout history across species, and humans of all ages and cultures i.e the use of Ostracism (the feeling of isolation and exclusion) has been

Every human needs to feel a sense of belonging. Rather it is with a large group of people, or with one’s spouse, parent, family member, or friend, there is a desire to feel accepted and loved. To achieve this, one must not only give love, but receive it equally. Although, love and sex are not one in the same, and sex would be considered a physiological demand, humans also require being loved sexually and non-sexually. Even though children do not require sexual love, if normal love is not met, the need for belonging can override the need for safety. An example of this would be when a child “cling[s] to the hating parents for sheer safety and protection than because of hope of love” (Maslow 378). Maslow states in the absence of love and sense of belonging, an individual can experience loneliness, social anxiety, clinical depression, and so on. Rather than seeking out love and belonging in an expected manner, occasionally a person can believe he or she may be more loved, or likely to be loved, if they illicit fear, command respect, radiate self-confidence, and/or demonstrates aggression; thus, leading us higher to the next level: Esteem.

In my introduction to the psychological perspective, I found that was more capable of comprehending those ideas presented to me when I applied them to relevant research. One particular article stood out which presented these ideas through the observation of on social acceptance and rejection. In the article, “Social Acceptance and Rejection: The Sweet and the Bitter,” both authors C. Nathan DeWall and Brad J. Bushman (2011) are determined to illustrate the importance of lasting relationships during individual 's’ lives (DeWall & Bushman, 2011). Through the article both DeWall and Bushman depict the dichotomy between social acceptance and rejection through a social psychological research in order to educate the public on the nuanced effects of social rejection of the individual.

People in any sort of relationship tend to influence each other, share their personal thoughts and feelings, and engage in various activities together. Because of this interdependence, most

Maslow stated that it is human nature to want to belong. Groups tend to establish a standard set of norms. Even Though these norms will take time to develop, these ways will be accepted rules of behavior and legitimized by the group. Once the group has been established, it is also expected that there will be some type of

Teens become interested and involved in dating because of the desire to belong to others during adolescence. As a consequence, it is clear that over the time, romantic relationships gain in importance. Adolescents crave to hold an intimate romantic relationship to which love is made and received without restriction. It is according to the need to belong theory by which souls possess the determination to join with others in enduring, faithful relationships. Furthermore, the hypothesis states that humans “share” the same need to be a part or connected with other mortals, and claims that all souls may live life better if they are linked. Myers (2010) confirmed the demand to belong theory by insisting that people who see a person complimenting their needs to whom they can share their problems with, makes those people more acknowledge-able. Belongings are supported by close, cozy relationship which tends to be healthier and happier. Because of this need to belong, we can see now that most university students are synchronizing their time in both academic and romantic views. Engaging themselves in this romantic relationship enables them to feel that someone cares for them, shows affection to them, loves them, etc. Furthermore, research led by Campbell & Oliver