Ethosomal Gels Lab Report

Natural products have been a source of medicinal agents for thousands of years. Impressive number of modern drugs derived from natural products. Today, natural products are one of the main interests for research directed towards drug design and discovery. It also has provided considerable value to the pharmaceutical industry over

a. What was ∆T for the water? __________ ˚C b. What was ∆T for the metal? __________ ˚C c. How much heat flowed into the water (cwater = 4.184 J/g˚C)? __________ J d. Calculate the specific heat of the metal. __________ J/g˚C e. What is the approximate molar mass of the metal? __________ g/mol 2. When 2.00 g of NaOH were dissolved in 49.0 g water in a calorimeter at 24.0 ˚C, the temperature of the

Topical drugs such as patches, ointment, and cream are applied directly on the skin and can be absorbed fast or with a delayed action. The term pharmacokinetics is the study of the movement of the drug in the human’s body. This includes the site of absorption (movement of drug from entry to tissue), how it is distributed (movement in the circulatory system to intended destination), how it is metabolized (break down in the liver), and excretion (elimination from the body). This unit also described the term half-life, which is how long the human body takes to break down a drug, absorb and excrete it and short half-life, which are medications excreted by the body quicker than long half-life drugs. The term pharmacodynamics is any of the changes in the patient’s body resulting from the medicine taken. It is highly important for the patient to know of the used drug’s side effects (unintended effects), adverse effects (unintended effects that can be harmful), and any possibilities of allergic reactions (most severe adverse response of a

This experiment provided accurate data of how a mixture of solids, and liquids consisting of both nonpolar and polar substances can be separated using vacuum filtration and water. The separation of oil from the sand, KNO3, and CuSO4 mixture using ethyl acetate was performed using a vacuum filtration. Ethyl acetate is an ester of ethanol and acetic acid with a formula of CH3-COO-CH2-CH3 (Tro, 975). Ethyl acetate is a suitable solvent due to its ability to undergo hydrolysis. Hydrolysis is the breaking apart of chemical bonds with the addition of water. Both oil and ethyl acetate are nonpolar in nature, whereas sand, CuSO4 and KNO3, are polar in nature. This separation of polarity allows for a natural separation of the substances to occur. Nonpolar

This experiment’s purpose is to identify and separate DNA macromolecules with a homemade gel and electrophoresis chamber. After separating DNA with a homemade gel and electrophoresis chamber, it must be compared to the regular gel electrophoresis chamber. In order to create a homemade gel electrophoresis chamber, five 9-volt batteries were connected and attached to stainless steel wire which were submerged in the 20x buffer as well as the gel. The two wires acted as the positive and negative electrodes as seen in a gel electrophoresis chamber. After the experiment was done, the homemade gel electrophoresis chamber was proven to mock the regularly used electrophoresis chamber. The experiment suggested that the results would not change if the

The results of our experiment were similar to the actual isoelectric point of BSA with the exception of one data record. The calculated pI for BSA was approximately 4.5 after experimentation in comparison to 4.7, the real pI value of BSA. The isoelectric point was calculated after graphing the averages of each buffer solution and taking the x-intercept of the data. The isoelectric point detailed the pH at which the substance had a net charge of zero. The second strip of pH 6.0 with a value of +5mm, was omitted from calculations to improve the accuracy and precision of data. Buffers with a pH greater than the isoelectric move towards the negative end. Most of the buffer solutions with a pH of 4.7 and greater from the data, migrated to the negative

In this experiment, we tested our hypothesis through the use of a PCR and gel electrophoresis. To begin this experiment, we gathered the materials needed. We gathered a screw cap tube that contained the instagene matrix, a 1.5 ml tube, and a small cup containing 0.9% saline solution, P-20 micropipette, P-1000 micropipette, pipet tips, PCR tubes, cap-less microtubes, Master Mix, and water baths. Next, I rinsed my mouth thoroughly for 30 seconds with the saline solution and spit it back into the cup. I then set my P-1000 micropipette to 1,000 μl and transferred 1 ml of my rinse into the test tube. Then, I used the centrifuge to spin the tube at full speed for 2 minutes. I did not have a large enough pellet, so I centrifuged it again for another two minutes. I poured off the supernatant, but I left a small amount of saline at the

Transdermal Patches ensure simple, painless procedure of drug usage even in patients with needle phobia. they are on par with sustainable plasma levels comparable with that of oral medication. With the local drug delivery method, hepatic first pass metabolism is bypassed. Offering increased flexibility in placing and removing the transdermal patch better patient compliance is achieved.7,8

Agarose gel electrophoreses is used to separate DNA molecules based on size and molecular weight. The Agarose gel is capable of separating DNA molecules as small as 500 base pairs. This separation is possible due to the negative charged phosphates in the backbone of DNA. The electrical current passing through the gel causes the negatively charged molecules to travel through the gel, which separates the molecules based on size. Smaller and highly negative molecules travel faster through the gel than larger and highly positive molecules.

Marcela Ramirez-Campos Y et al reported that the effect of formulation variables on verapamil hydrochloride release from hydrated HPMC matrices, among different variables that influence drug release from hydrated hydrophilic matrices, the polymer proportion, the drug dose and the matrix pH can be included. The release profiles showed zero order kinetics for drug dissolution proportions up to 70%.The increase of the matrix pH from 5.0 to 8.0 increased the release rate. The effect of both pH and drug load becomes lesser as the matrix polymer proportion increases from 5% to 15% w/w.

Abstract The purpose of this study was to study the plasma membranes of erythrocytes of the human and determine how the majority of polypeptides work with it and where they are located with respect to it. The purification of the erythrocytes was executed by osmotic hemolysis and were washed to the

a- Free drug mechanism: The mechanism concluded that the drug permeates the skin independently after releasing from the vesicles. Thus the amount of drug permeated the skin will be a function of its awn physicochemical properties and not on the vesicle composition. Many researchers do not support this mechanism as the vast majority recommended the effect of vesicles size and composition on the overall amount of the drug transport [44].

The emollient should be chosen based upon the degree of dryness of the skin, the sites of application, acceptance by the patient and the season.

Ceramides are the main components responsible for the barrier effect of the stratum corneum. Structurally, they are amphiphilic molecules, containing two long hydrocarbon tails and an acylamide polar head [11,12]. Enhancer molecules with structure similarity to ceramide could insert themselves between the hydrophobic tails of the ceramide bilayers and weaken the continuity of the lipid barrier [13]. A series of ceramide analogs with different chain lengths and polar head groups were synthesized. It was found that decreasing the size or H-bonding ability of the polar heads of ceramide analogs would contribute to their transdermal enhancement activity. In addition, the optimum chain length of the ceramide analogs was found to be 12 carbons, which

Over a decades ago of the treatment of disease has been expert by customary courses specifically oral, sublingual, rectal, parental and so forth. Topical medication organization is a limited medication conveyance framework anyplace in the body through ophthalmic, rectal, vaginal and skin as topical courses. The fundamental favorable position of topical conveyance framework is to sidestep first pass digestion system. Evasion of the dangers and disservices of intravenous treatment and of the shifted states of retention like pH changes, nearness of proteins, gastric discharging time are different points of interest of topical arrangements. These are applying a wide range of arrangements for both restorative and dermatological, to their solid or unhealthy skin. Dermatological items are various in definition and reach in consistency from fluid to powder however the most prevalent items are semisolid planning. Inside the real gathering of semisolid arrangements, the utilization of straightforward gels has extended both in beautifying agents and in pharmaceutical arrangements. Gels are a generally more current class of measurements structure made by entanglement of a lot of watery or hydro alcoholic fluid in a system of colloidal strong particles. Gel definitions for the most part give quicker medication discharge contrasted and ordinary treatments and creams. Notwithstanding numerous points of interest of gels a noteworthy confinement is in the trouble in conveyance of hydrophobic