Eukaryotic Cells Essay

serve as the site of lipid synthesis in the cell. The ER functions as the

The eukaryotes have organelles within them that are surrounded by membranes; each cell have a specific job to do within the area. The eukaryotic cell membrane have the same basic structure as the plasma membrane, which surround the cell, to do with the running of the cells and play many

The Animal kingdom is made up of beings with Eukaryotic cells, meaning they have a fully formed nucleus and most of the common organelles of a cell. They are also Multicellular, meaning they have more than one cell. These organisms are Heterotrophs, so they must find their own food, by eating other organisms. They can’t make their own food.The plant kingdom contains Multicellular beings with Eukaryotic cells. The plants are also autotrophs meaning they make their own food (excepting the hydra which does eat other organisms). They use Photosynthesis to turn sunlight and nutrients into food. They are green because the contain chlorophyll to help them create food.

There are two main types of cells in the world. The simplest cells such as bacteria are known as Prokaryotic cells, and human cells are known as Eukaryotic cells. The main difference between each of these cells is that a eukaryotic cell has a nucleus and a membrane bound section in which the cell holds the main DNA which are building blocks of life.

The cell membrane consists of eight distinctive parts that each have their own unique structure and function. The phospholipid bilayer is an integral part of the cell membrane because it is the external layer of the cell membrane and composes the barriers that isolate the internal cell components and organelles from the extracellular environment. It is composed of a series of phospholipids that have a hydrophobic region and a hydrophilic region. These regions are composed of the hydrophilic heads and the hydrophobic tails of the phospholipids, this organization of the polar heads and nonpolar tails allows the heads of the cell to form hydrogen bonds with water molecules while the tails are able to avoid water. The phospholipid bilayer also has many important functions within the cell, it gives the cell shape, provides protection, and it is selectively permeable which allows it to only let very specific molecules pass through its surface. The phospholipid bilayer is an important structure because it prevents harmful and unwanted molecules from entering the cell and isolates organelles which helps to maintain the internal environmental homeostasis of the cell.

“Eukaryotic cells are complex and include all animal and plant cells. Prokaryotic cells are smaller and simpler, e.g. Bacteria” - (AQA 2008)

Now that we understand the properties of life and the composition of cells, we can focus on the architecture or formation in terms of basic anatomy and physiology as our second area of exploration. The two types of cells (prokaryotic and eukaryotic) defined before have a few common things such as Plasma membrane (similar to animal cells); Cell wall (similar to plant cells); and Ribosomes, the

Eukaryotes do not have a cell wall. Prokaryotes lack a nucleus. Eukaryotes have a nucleus. Nucleoid area is present in Prokaryotes. Mitochondria are present in Eukaryotes.

The objective of this lab was to observe prepared bacterial cells and to observe and describe the primary features of eukaryotic cells. Also, we investigated the effect of concentration gradient and temperature on the rate of osmosis in an artificial system. Finally, we investigated the effect of solute concentration on the tonicity of cells in plant tissue and Elodea. The purpose of our experiments was to find out whether the effect of concentration gradient on the rate of osmosis had a greater effect than temperature on the rate of osmosis. The purpose of the Elodea experiment was to see if a five percent solution of sodium chloride or distilled water effected the structure of the Elodea.

Within prokaryotes and eukaryotes there are various similarities, but also differences. First, prokaryotes are cells without a true nucleus. Instead they have a nucleoid that houses their DNA. Eukaryotes on the other hand are cells with a nucleus and a nuclear membrane. Along with the nuclear membrane, eukaryotes also have membrane bound organelles. These organelles allow for complex compartmentalization. Prokaryotes have no membrane bound organelles, which causes them to be simplistic and lack internal compartmentalization. Prokaryotes and eukaryotes both have a cell wall that determines their shape and protects the cell. However, the cell walls differ in structure. Eukaryotes do not have peptidoglycan in their cell wall, whereas some prokaryotes

Eukaryotes consist of cells that the genetic material is DNA in the form of chromosomes is contained within a distinct nucleus. Additionally, besides the eubacteria and archaea, Eukaryotes include all living organisms, which are not the case with prokaryotes that are microscopic single-celled organisms. Prokaryotes do not have a distinct nucleus with a membrane nor other specialized organelles, including the bacteria and cyanobacteria. So a fundamental difference here is that prokaryotes cells do not have organelles, nucleus, but a small amount of DNA in the form of a single, circular chromosome while eukaryotes cells have multiple organelles, a nucleus, as well as sufficient DNA that is organized in multiple, linear chromosomes (Bruck, 2017; OpenStax College, & Rice University, 2013). Another apparent difference in DNA replication between eukaryotes and prokaryotes is that while DNA replication process in eukaryotes takes place inside the nucleus, the DNA replication process in prokaryotes occurs inside the cytoplasm.

Prokaryotic cells only really refer to bacteria, while eukaryotic cells include animals, plants, protists, and fungi. The prokaryotes do not have a nucleus or any membrane-covered organelles, but eukaryotes do. Instead, the prokaryotes have a nucleoid because they have a smaller, circular DNA genome, whereas eukaryotic

Discussed in chapter 12, are the different compartments of the cell, the explanation of how proteins are guided to specific organelles, and a discussion of how proteins cross cell membranes. Within a cell, the intracellular compartments are the plasma membrane, cytoplasm, endoplasmic reticulum (ER), nucleus, Golgi apparatus, mitochondria, endosome, lysosome, peroxisome, cytosol, and free ribosomes. The plasma membrane encloses all the intracellular compartments within this membrane contains the cytoplasm. The nucleus contains the genetic information, such as DNA. The mitochondria are known as the “power house”; this is where ATP is generated in most cells. The lysosome is a digestive enzyme that is active at an acidic pH. The peroxisome is also an enzyme that produces and degrade hydrogen peroxide.

Many cells are filled with a complex network of tube like things known as the endoplasmic reticulum. The endoplasmic

Gene expression is the ability of a gene to produce a biologically active protein. This process is regulated by the cells of an organism, it is very important to the survival of organisms at all levels. This is much more complex in eukaryotes than in prokaryotes. A major difference is the presence in eukaryotes of a nuclear membrane, which prevents the simultaneous transcription and translation that occurs in prokaryotes. Initiation of protein transcription is started by RNA polymerase. The activity of RNA polymerase is regulated by interaction with regulatory proteins; these proteins can act both positively, as activators, and negatively as repressors. An example of gene regulation in cells is the activity of the trp operon. The trp