Eukaryotic Chemotaxis Lab Report

4. Selection If feeding efficiency and reproduction have a direct correlation, and a population started with equal proportions of individuals with each of three feeding types, metal spoon, metal knife, and plastic fork, the frequency of the population with metal spoons as their feeding structure will increase in the next generation.

Inflammation in allergic asthma occurs primarily in larger bronchi and larger airways and is marked by the influx of eosinophils. COPD involves the lung parenchyma and small airways and is marked by the influx of neutrophils. Current therapies like oral corticosteroids target these inflammatory processes. Anti-FAS, anti-IL-5 and corticosteroids treatment involves inducing eosinophil and neutrophils apoptosis and serve to counteract survival signals encountered by these same cells such as IL-5 and granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF). They all lack cell specificity and have a higher degree of cellular toxicity than required for use in a chronic disease state such as asthma and COPD. Sialic acid-binding immunoglobulin-type lectins (Siglecs) are immune regulatory molecules found on the surfaces of inflammatory cells. Siglec-8 is expressed on the surface of eosinophils, mast cells and Siglec-9 on neutrophils. Binding and crosslinking of these receptors to their ligand have proapoptotic effect on eosinophils and neutrophils and will help dampen immune responses and regulate

Travis Carlton Bio Lab 2 4/5/2018 1a. Carboxyl functional group which is an acid sugar 1b. Aldehyde functional group which belongs to carbohydrates 1c. Alcohol functional group which belongs to carbohydrates 2a. Positive (red) 2b. Negative (blue) 2c. Negative (blue) 2d. Negative (dark blue) 2e. Negative (green/yellow) 2f. Positive (red) 3a. Negative (red brown/amber) 3b. Negative (brown) 3c. Positive (black) 3d. Positive (black) 3e. Positive (dark brown) 3f. Positive (dark brown) 3g. Positive (milky dark brown) Ps: the iodine was already really dark so it was very hard to see much difference between the control and the others.

The purpose of this experiment was we were trying to see if the number of arthropods would be significantly different in sparse and dense areas of the woods. Ms.Ehnert provided us with the design of a trap to set up in the woods so we could more actually count the amount and types of bugs that we find. The trap was a cup filled with anti-freeze that we put in the ground and then covered it with a paper plait, but raised it so bugs could get in and bigger animals couldn’t. We waited for a week to collect the results and then counted all of them and sorted them. My hypothesis was based off of common sense, the simple assumption that less trees equals less arthropods and more trees equals more arthropods. I knew that living things need a habitat

The hypothesis for this situation is that the plant that is not doing very well is that it is not getting the same amount of sun as the plant that was doing really well. Another possibility is that it’s not getting enough water as the other plant so it could not be doing as well because of those two

Asthma David Hamlin Fresno City College This paper was prepared for RC 20, Taught By Diana Day The Inflammatory Response in the Pathogenesis of Asthma In this article Dr. Foaud explains the inflammatory response that occurs in the airways of asthma patients and how the different types of cells and respiratory epithelial interact in the process. Respiratory epithelium, mast cells, eosinophils, basophils, and leukocytes all play an critical part in not only the inflammatory response but also in the way that they may be utilized to inhibit the response to help treat asthma. The article also explains how chemokines recruit inflammatory cells to the airways. The inflammatory response seen in asthma

When a signalling molecule such as Epinephrine, serotine and adenosine is released and binds to the extracellular receptor site of the GPCR, the G protein changes conformation and GTP replaces the GDP on the alpha subunit of the G-protein (Figure 2). This activated alpha subunit then parts from the beta and gamma subunits. The alpha subunit becomes inactive when the ligand leaves the receptor site and the receptors own phosphorylase activity removes a phosphate from the GTP molecule, therefore leaving GDP bound to the alpha-subunit and the reformation of the 3 subunits.

Introduction C.elegans are part of the nematoda family. The nematoda family are a group of worms that have unsegmented bodies and are usually round worms that can be free living or parasitic. C.elegans are a version of the worm that is non-parasitic, non-hazardous, and non-infectious. C.elegans have had their entire genome sequenced, this makes it easy for scientists to see what genes they are changing and how that will affect the organism. (Edgley and riddle lab, 2015). For this experiment chemotaxis was tested in the organism. Chemotaxis is defined by the following: The movement of organisms in response to chemicals, whether they be attracted or repelled by the chemical that is chosen. (Farley, 2012).

The Evolution Lab done in SI Biology was pertaining to the concept of evolution. The lab shows examples of three different kinds of structures: Homologous, analogous and vestigial structures. The specimen displayed in the SI Bio Lab includes samples of leg bones derived from horse, pig and human anatomies, shells of marine animals, armadillo and turtle shells as well as the preserved bodies of various animals, including eels, salamanders and snakes. Overall, the lab provides a plethora of evidence in regards to Darwin’s Theory of Evolution.

Four ways that large molecules and substances are transported across a membrane include phagocytosis, pinocytosis, receptor-mediated endocytosis and receptor proteins. During phagocytosis, the cell engulfs a particle by wrapping pseudopodia around the particle and packing the particle within the food vacuole (membranous sac). Once the food vacuole integrates with a lysosome (w/ hydrolytic enzyme), the particle will be digested. The second way is pinocytosis, in which the cell takes in “droplets” of extracellular fluid and packs it into tiny vesicles; after this, the tiny vesicles are then transported into the cell because the molecules dissolved in the droplets are the main factors that the cells need. The third process is known as receptor-mediated endocytosis which the cells takes in large quantities of specific substances of all concentration in the Extracellular (EC) fluid; the membranes of the cell vesicle are embedded with proteins that has certain receptor sites that are exposed to the EC fluid in which ligand binds to. Then, the last step is that the receptor proteins cluster in regions of the membrane known as coated pits which contain fuzzy layer of coat proteins on the exterior; then, each coated pit forms a vesicle which contains the ligand molecules and after the ingested material is released from the vesicle, the vesicles then recycle the receptors to the plasma

Asthma is a respiratory chronic disorder affecting about twenty six million people, both children and adults, in the US. About seven million children suffer from this disease. This disease has a complex pathophysiology including airflow obstruction, bronchial hyper-responsiveness and inflammation. Factors that stimulate asthma attacks include exercise, gastroesophageal reflux, environmental allergens, obesity, tobacco smoke, NSAID use, chronic rhinitis or sinusitis, viral infections of respiratory system such as rhinovirus (Lemanske, Jackson and Gangnon), irritants, emotional stress, and perinatal factors such as prematurity.

The cause of this illness is a microscopic unicellular eukaryote organism moving by minute contractions of small contractile fibrils organelles unlike many other Protozoa moving by locomotion. The disease occurs primarily in animals; however, in rare cases, the infection may occur in humans when the nymph black-legged tick (Ixodes scapularis) attach

Western diet contains more omega 6 fatty acid than omega 3 fatty acid and an imbalance results in an inflammation. Maintaining balance in fatty acid plays an important role in inflammation control and its related health challenges. Evidences from scientific studies have shown that high levels of arachidonic acid, an omega-6 fatty acid is associated with people suffering with osteoarthritis. High levels of arachidonic acid result in an increased production of the pro-inflammatory eicosanoid hormones called prostaglandins, leukotrienes, and thromboxanes. Therefore, consumption of foods such as beef, eggs, organ meats and dairy products high in arachidonic acid could result in an inflammation however; reduction in their consumption will be of much dietary benefit

Electron transport chain in the eukaryotes start in the intermembrane(cristae)of the mitochondria. Multiple copies are present in this inner membrane of mitochondria. This is also where oxidative phosphorylation occurs as the electron transport chain establishes a proton gradient by moving electrons from NADH and FADH2 to molecular oxygen. The four protein complexes labeled I through IV along with associated electron carriers move electrons from one component to the next quickly until the end of this cycle.

1. The mammalian OR is part of the GPCR superfamily, while the topological distinct family of transmembrane proteins defines the insect OR. The insect OR is comprised of a heteromeric complex of a conventional odor ligand-binding receptor and an OR83b. The N terminus for the mammalian OR is located extracellularly while it is located intracellularly for the insect OR. The C terminus is located in the intracellularly in the mammalian OR, while it is located extracellularly in the insect OR.