Eukaryotic Organelles

All mammalian cells are eukaryotic, and whilst the eukaryotic type of cell is not exclusive to mammals, mammalian cells differ from other eukaryotic cells because of the organelles that are or are not present. For instance some plant cells have chloroplasts which are not present in mammalian cells, but both plant cells and mammalian cells are eukaryotic in nature. The term eukaryotic refers to the cell having specific membrane bound organelles, which are not present in prokaryotic cells. The defining feature of a eukaryotic cell is usually its membrane bound nucleus (the exception being the red blood cell) [1].

For a plant cell, the nucleus, without a doubt, is the most important organelle; but in the animal cell, the most vital structure is the mitochondria.

Essentially, the nucleus is vital for the cell’s survival. The nucleus controls and gives instructions to all organelles and inhabitants of the cell(Doc. 2). It is a dense, ball shaped configuration that contains the DNA of the cell.

The nucleolus is one of the most important organelles. This organelle is a eukaryotic cell. The nucleolus is not like most of the other organelles. Most other organelles have a static structure but the nucleolus does not. The structural components are chains of RNA and DNA. It contains granular and fibrillar components.

Rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) – They are called because of the presence of ribosomes on them. They provide a site for protein synthesis and helps transport protein.

Mitochondria are small organelles found in eukaryotic cells which respire aerobically. They are responsible for generating energy from food to ‘power the cell’. They contain their own DNA, reproducing by dividing in 2. As they closely resemble bacteria, it gave the idea that they were derived from bacteria (which were engulfed by ancestors of the eukaryotes we know today). This idea has since been confirmed from further investigations, and it is now widely accepted. (Alberts et al., 2010a)

The main function of the Endoplasmic Reticulum is to produce, store and transport proteins and lipid to most of the cell organelles. The Endoplasmic Reticulum is a large organelle that looks like sheets of folded membranes.

Nearly all animal cells have a nucleus, with the only exception being the red blood cell. The nucleus has two major functions, which are housing the DNA and controlling the cell’s activities. In the centre of the nucleus is the nucleolus. This doesn’t have a membrane, but holds itself together. In the nucleolus, ribosomes are created through the mixture of RNA and proteins. These proteins are originally found in the cytoplasm, outside the nucleus, but they travel through the pores in the nuclear envelope, through the chromatin and into the nucleolus. The structure of the nucleolus allows easy

They are very important in the synthesis and packaging of proteins. Some of those proteins might be used in the cell and some are sent out. The ribosomes are attached to the membrane of the ER. As the ribosomes builds the amino acid chain, the chain is pushed into the ER. When the protein is complete, the rough ER pinches off a vesicle. That vesicle, a small membrane bubble, can move to the cell membrane or the Golgi apparatus

Inside the nucleus is the nucleolus which produces ribosomes. The ribosomes then transport out of the nucleolus and to the rough endoplasmic reticulum for a process called protein synthesis. (Plant Cell Anatomy, n.d.)

Endoplasmic Reticulum is present in eukaryotic cells. There are two types of ER: Smooth and rough. “This organelle is formed of a network of

Act as all the activity is instructed by the nucleus, it instructed to build proteins, but as the nucleus not function well, nucleolus would not able to produce the RNA for ribosomes. Furthermore, ribosomes give all the cells source

The plasma membrane is the outermost layer of a eukaryotic cell. It is made up of phospholipids and proteins. The plasma membrane also functions as the selective boundary of the cell. Unlike a prokaryotic cell, a eukaryotic cell has a nucleus. The nucleus is responsible for the storage and the protection of the DNA of the cell. Most eukaryotes possess a endomembrane system. The endomembrane consists of a endoplasmic reticulum, the golgi apparatus, and vesicles. The endomembrane makes lipids and membrane proteins and sends them where they need to go in the cell. Mitochondria are important parts of eukaryotic cells because they transfer the energy needed for the ATP from food molecules. Lastly, one of the major components of a eukaryotic cell is the cytoskeleton. The cytoskeleton is made up of actin microfilaments, microtubules, and intermediate filaments. The cytoskeleton gives the structure of the eukaryotic cell support. It also assists with the division of the cell and it controls cellular

The cytoplasm is the area between the nucleus and the cell membrane. The cytoplasm contains many important structures. This area is basically the main place where you will find structures that help the cells stay alive.

Nucleus- “the brain” or control center of the cell. The Nucleus, a membrane-bound structure of a cell, plays two crucial roles in controlling the cell. The nucleus carries the cell's genetic information that determines if the organism will develop, for instance, into a tree or a human; and it directs most cell activities including growth, metabolism, and reproduction by controlling protein synthesis. The presence of a nucleus distinguishes the more complex eukaryotic cells of plants and animals from the simpler prokaryotic cells of bacteria and cyanobacteria that lack a nucleus. The nucleus is the most predominate structure in the cell. It is typically round and occupies 10% of the cells total volume. The nucleus is wrapped in a