Eukaryotic Theory

Prior to the development of DNA technology and the sequencing of organismal genomes, Charles Darwin suggested that the “tree” of life can be traced back to a single root (Koonin and Wolf, 2012). While Darwin’s theory was primitive, it laid the groundwork for the phylogenetic trees that are currently studied in science classrooms around the world. The three-domain tree, containing Eukarya, Archea, and Bacteria, soon became too simplistic due to the realization that some bacteria possessed the ability to exchange genetic information by horizontal gene transfer (Koonin and Wolf, 2012).

The first emperor of China, Shi Huangdi was a man of no mercy, however as unpardonable as his reign was, it is impossible to ignore how successful he was in gaining power. The sheer size of China alone is a true measure of his strategist potential, and his ability to unify what was once seven separate states proved that Shi Huangdi was also a man of smart manipulation. He started great construction projects such as the Great Canal of China to name just one. Shi Huangdi also standardized measurements, money, and language. Without Shi Huangdi, China would not have been unified, and possibly not even as successful as nation as it is today.

Archaea and the origin of life. The word Archaea originated from the Greeks, meaning beginning. Throughout this essay we will go through discovers of Archaea and why they are classified as Prokaryotes and what the actual evolutionary relationship of Archaea to Eukaryotes and bacteria. We will look at the differing views throughout the scientific community in regards to the number of domains. Over whether three domains of life or two domains of life fit in the Tree of life. We will look at some research that has supportive evidence of the same. This essay will then look at the Habitat of Archaea – why many Archaea are classified as extremophiles and how these are not just bacteria’s and that extremophiles are a diverse group

There are two main types of cells in the world. The simplest cells such as bacteria are known as Prokaryotic cells, and human cells are known as Eukaryotic cells. The main difference between each of these cells is that a eukaryotic cell has a nucleus and a membrane bound section in which the cell holds the main DNA which are building blocks of life.

The essence of life begins with knowing that all living things are made from cells. Cells and what is contained inside form the basic unit of structure and function in an organism. All cells have the same basic structure, the vital part being organelles. The name organelle comes from the Latin organellea; which means little organ. They can be found in both eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells and preform specific functions within that cell.

Kemaladewi D, Maino E, Hyatt E, Hou H, Ding M, Place K, Zhu X, Baghestani Z, Deshwar A, Merico D, Xiong H, Frey B, Wilson M, Ivakine E, Cohn R (2017) Correction of a splicing defect in a

While there are many different hypotheses to the evolution of eukaryotic organisms, two in particular have very plausible yet different approaches to this complex question. The Margulis hypothesis of the evolution of eukaryotic organisms focuses on the idea of endosymbiosis, which is the close interaction or association between different species with one of those species being inhabited within the other. Margulis hypothesized that free-living bacteria that were capable of energy production and photosynthesis where engulfed by a free-living cell. The cell and the bacteria now inside of it formed a mutualistic and symbiotic relationship with the bacteria providing the cell with the energy and food it needs while remaining protected inside the cell. Through evolutionary time this symbiotic relationship would grow so strong that the two individuals would not be able to function alone and thus the eukaryote would arise. The idea was supported by the fact that mitochondria and chloroplasts both have unique genomes that resemble the single circular chromosomes found within bacteria.

When the Jim Crow laws became active there was an increase in lynching, and these were caused by Mobs. The Jim Crow laws tarnished any civil rights and freedom the African Americans ever had. Many white supremacists thought that they could take advantage of that. Some people did not support the behavior of the mob; however, they still did it because others we're doing it too. This is called mob mentality. The human race has an behavior called herd behavior; therefore, meaning they are influenced by peers to adapt to certain behaviors. This is when people tend to do what others around them are doing (Smith 1). An example would be if a person would listen to different music when with friends than he or she would alone (Smith 1). Mobs have influenced herd

It is a fact that 80 % of the earth’s history is solely a microbial life and continues to be a dominant life form. Living organisms can be grouped into three different domains: Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya. The differences between these three domains is concerned with rRNA, cell membrane lipid structure, and the sensibility to antibiotics. Prokaryotes includes members of bacteria and archaea while eukaryotes contain organisms that belong to the eukarya domain. For this compare and contrast we will only focus on two domains which are archaea and bacteria domains.

Interestingly, identical elements are also found to be part of A. Castellani genome suggesting a route for gene transfer either from prokaryotes via giant viruses or from protoeukaryotic ancestors [93]. These elements can manipulate the downstream gene expression [94] and play a major role in gene inactivation, deletion, duplication and genetic rearrangement in the genome via homologous/illegitimate recombination [34]. In an extreme case, about 30 non-autonomous transposable elements commonly known as MITEs (10 are integrated in the coding regions) have “colonized” [95] the genome of Pandoravirus salinus, but were undetectable in Pandoravirus dulcis [95]. Akin to their role in prokaryotes, they promote gene deletion and genetic rearrangement [96]. A conceivable outcome of such genome plasticity would be the loss and/or gain of function, accelerating host-switching and adaptation. Apart from these family-specific mobile elements, the genomes of NCLDV also contain self-splicing introns [97] and inteins along with HNH endonuclease which might aid in the mobility of genetic elements [98]. All three are known to influence genome evolution in all forms of life through their splicing and nuclease activity

In the replication process of DNA, there are similarities between the process of replication of a Eukaryote cell and Prokaryote cell. There are also differences in both processes. The most notable difference would have to start with the cell themselves, which may add to additional differences in the processes. A prokaryote is a more simplistic cell with less DNA and a Eukaryote cell is much more complex with vast amounts of DNA.

Some the evidence for this theory include the mitochondria and plastids which can be identified in a eukaryot; however, prokaryotes originally also have the same functional capabilities as the mitochondria, as well as plastids. Perhaps the mitochondria’s development is simply a result of condensing the process of energy creation into a single organelle and the development of plastids was a result of prokaryotes also being capable of completing a similar task; however, felt the need for condensing this task into a single

The primitive eukaryotic cell was also eventually able to eat prokaryotes, a marked improvement to absorbing small molecules from its environment ("Endosymbiosis - The Appearance of the Eukaryotes", 2017). This whole process of endosymbiosis started when the eukaryote engulfed and could not digest an autotrophic bacterium; there is evidence suggesting that this bacterium was alphaproteobacteria, which uses photosynthesis for energy. This opened up a new trend where the eukaryote provided protection and nutrients to the prokaryote, and in return the prokaryotic endosymbiont returned the favour by providing additional energy to its eukaryotic host through respiratory cellular mechanism. In the long run this became a permanent arrangement in completing the endosymbiosis process because the endosymbiont lost genes it previously used for its independent life and transferred others to eukaryotes’ nucleus as it became more dependent on its new host for organic molecules and inorganic

However, due to their abundant added astronomically immense size, eukaryotes ' aggregate all-comprehensive biomass is estimated at about commensurable to that of prokaryotes. Eukaryotes aboriginal developed about 1.6–2.1 billion years ago.

Currently, there are two major competing theories for the endosymbiotic origin of eukaryotic cells. The first theory claims that the eukaryotic cell is a combination of an archaeon with a