European Integration And The European Union

Until it crystallized into a political concept and became the long-term goal of the Member States of the European Community, the European idea was unknown to all but philosophers and visionaries. The notion of a United States of Europe was part of a humanistic-pacifistic dream which was shattered by the conflicts which brought so much destruction to the European continent in the first half of this century. The vision of a new Europe which would transcend national antagonism finally emerged from the resistance movements which had sprung up to resist totalitarianism during the Second World War. Altiero Spinelli, the Italian federalist and Jean Monnet, the man who

The European Union (EU) is a unique economic and political partnership between 28 different countries. It consists of about half a billion citizens, and its combined economy represents about 20 percent of the world’s total economy (Briney, 2015). Today The European Union works as a single market, with free movement of people, goods and services from one country to another. There is a standard system of laws to be followed, and since 1999 many countries share a single currency called the Euro (Europa.eu, 2015). This essay will explore the background history of the European Union and the benefits and drawbacks of the European Union.

Europe’s strong response to terror attacks in the USA should not be underestimated, as parts of the 9/11 attacks were planned in Europe and there were over 20 individuals from Europe who were imprisoned in Guantanamo Bay on behalf on US. The attacks are considered as a security breach that was instantly classified as a notable threat that concerned the United States and the Western world, giving rise to extensive amount of political moves, policy-making, exceptional legislation, and military action abroad. Attacks of 9/11 had a far-reaching impact on the way the EU would shape its migration policies; that the nexus between migration and asylum policy on the one hand and security concerns on the other hand became more prominent. It is contended,

Immigration has played a key role in shaping the way the world and indeed Europe is seen in this current generation. The fall of the Nazi Regime in 1945 marked the end of World War Two and left a disfigured Europe in its wake. This essay will target the reasons as to how immigration has instigated itself within the European community, the benefits and disadvantages it has brought with it and the state of international relations within Europe in the 21st Century.

After the tragedies of World War II, European leaders have made striving efforts to prevent such a catastrophic event from occurring on their continent again. The best solution seemed to be highly mechanized cooperation among the highest European powers to assure that future conflict, and perhaps war, could not arise between them. If all the states ran themselves in a manner cooperating with their neighbors, conflict could be avoided. To prevent other nations from not cooperating, treaties and institutions would have to be designed for each area of international interest such as trade, communications, security, and so forth. As the century progressed, more organizations, institutions and associations were developed and soon leaders

How significant has been the development of the EU’s policies concerning the protection of the natural environmental and climate change? What problems have confronted policy-makers in-framing and delivering such policies?

European Union despite of the recent issues involving Greece, on its debt-crisis and UK leaving the organization had still been undeniably successful in terms of economy and even politics. There are numerous factors which account the success story of the European Union. For the past few decades, Europe had already established a strong solidarity among its states and that would be the first thing which made the European Union successful. For example, most of the member-states of the EU had done collective reckoning after the fall of the Berlin wall. This collective reckoning has contributed to broaden the communication between states and even the citizens whereas they discuss international exchange of experiences. Since then, the fall of the Berlin wall has established the most significant events and consequences in the history of EU.

Please think about the interference of internal (European) and external (global) factors, shaping European integration? How were they related? Give one or two examples!

When the European Court of Justice (ECJ) was created in 1952 as a provision of the Treaty of Paris, no one could have imagined from such humble beginnings that the ECJ would become the institution that it is today. Today, the conflict between a semi-autonomous judiciary capable of conveying uniquely European rights on citizens able to be defended before a supranational court, and European governments, remains one of the clearest examples of the unintended consequences of an economic union that has over time evolved into something much more. As such, the question of why and under what circumstances European governments defer to ECJ judgements has never been more pertinent. In this paper, I will first provide a brief overview of two significant developments in the trajectory of the ECJ, before focusing on the case of France as an ideal example of how national legal contexts can at times conflict with EU law. Second, I will argue that the ECJ is keenly aware of its precarious position as an actor in the process of European integration. Since the 1960s, the court has occupied a contested space between those questioning the legitimacy of national law in light of the primacy of EU law, and those arguing that a democratically accountable EU requires an independent judiciary and supranationally shared set of rights and responsibilities. The supremacy of EU law to that of national law is an inherently delicate concept, challenged by both politicians and citizens alike.

EU stands for the European Union which was invented after the Second World War. The EU is a special economic and political partnership between 28 European countries together which covers more than half of the continent. EU purpose was to unite the european countries economically and politically and to bring peace to Europe (Europa.eu, N/A). EU was formed on April of 1951 by six countries which were France, Italy, Belgium, West Germany, Luxembourg and Netherlands. United Kingdom joined the EU on January 1973. On this year the United Kingdom started to follow EU law. Therefore, UK has three main sources of law which are statutory law (Act of Parliament), Case law and EU law. All of them could affect any business in various ways depend on business type, size, policies and etc. New countries which want to join EU must sign a treaty to become a member and to commit to their rules. There are five main bodies in EU: the Act Of Parliament, European Commission, European Council, Court of European Justice and Court of Auditors. Each body has its own specific things to be done (Keenan D. and Riches S., 2005). This report will discuss how United Kingdom’s membership of the European Union affects the business community, especially in the free movements, free trade, competition law and employment law.

This paper aims to shed light upon the economics effects that European Integration has had on the European nations both in and out of the Eurozone. There has been vast research and literature on this topic, however only one to date that uses the synthetic counterfactuals method.

Government is divided into a number of levels each with their own powers, responsibilities and constituencies; some sections deal directly with our lives such as healthcare whilst others can be responsible for things such as libraries and cemeteries.

Historically, attempts at unifying Europe can be traced back as far as 1464 when, after the fall of Constantinople, King George of Podrebady suggested that a “league of Christian Nations” should be formed (Wen, 2013). However, it was only after 1945 that the process for European integration, a process “whereby sovereign states partially relinquish, or pool, national sovereignty to maximize their relative power and interest” began (Kenealy et al., 2015). The theorization European integration started within the political subfield of International Relations (Pollack, 2001). However, the European Union is a complex and unique international organization. Are International Relations (IR) theories able to account for the origin, development and future of European integration?

Located on the tip of the Balkan Peninsula in Southern Europe, Greece has been formally recognized as a member of the European Union since 1981 (1). Climactically Greece experiences mild, wet winters and hot, dry summers consistent with a Mediterranean climate (2). Between 1950 and 1980 Greece experienced a period of climactic cooling that reduced its average annual temperatures; however, by the late 90’s that cooling trend reversed and Greece began experiencing progressive temperature increases (3). This trend is consistent with IPCC predictions that temperatures in Europe are expected to increase at a rate of 0.1 and 0.4 degrees Celsius per decade, with the greatest warming impacts concentrated in Southern Europe (4). Higher

Brexiters are desperate and angry with everything and everyone that suggests that the British people should vote to remain in the European Union in the 23 June 2016 referendum. The recent victim of their desperation and ire has been no less a personage than the US President Barrack Obama himself.