Eva Case Study of Dabur India Limited

The cost of equity is the theoretical return that equity investors expect or receive from the company for investing their funds in the company. The risk free rate that is the Government Treasury bill rate is 3.1%, the market risk premium is 7% and the beta has been calculated as

We use Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM) approach to calculate the cost of equity. The formula of CAPM is re = rf + β × (E[RMkt] – rf).

As a deep-discount brokerage, Ameritrade planned to improve its competitive position by price cutting, technology enhancements, and increased advertising in mid-1997. Before initiating the plan, Ameritrade needed know whether the investment returned more than it cost. We were hired to estimate the cost of capital correctly. The key question is to find suitable comparable firms to estimate Ameritrade’s asset beta, since it was a recently-listed firm. We thought discount brokerage companies were best due to same revenue resources. Proper risk-free rate and market risk premium should also be chosen carefully, and we used 30-year bonds YTM and the annual return difference

According to the company’s annual report in 2009, the Federal statutory tax rate is 35%. Along with the above analysis, we have gathered all the key information necessary to estimate the WACC as following:

To find the cost of equity we used the formula rs = rRF + beta*MRP in which rRF2002 = 5.86% and the Market Risk Premium (MRP) = 5% as calculated by the Southwest Airlines finance department. We then calculated the beta for Southwest Airlines based on a regression analysis of five-year monthly returns on Southwest stock from January 1997 to January 2002, compared with the S&P 500 returns over the same period. This regression analysis indicated that Beta = .2219. Therefore,

Risk free rate + Equity Beta * (Expected return on market - Risk free rate)

Cost of Equity is the return that stockholders require for a company. A company’s cost of equity represents the compensation that the market demands in exchange for owning the assets and bearing the risk of ownership. Based on capital markets the cost of equity varies in direct relation to the assumed risk in that specific market. The distinctive of the firm is the sensitivity to market risk (β) which depends on everything from management to its business and capital structure. Therefore past performances and present conditions have a direct effect on the overall value. Applying calculations at a divisional level allows specified markets to be analysis based on present market conditions for that service or product. The formula used to calculate Cost of Equity is:

Please refer to Appendix 2 for other considerations for cost of equity calculations. Most firms use the Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM) to determine the cost of equity. The components that make up the CAPM include: the risk free rate, the beta of the security, and the expected market return of the stock. These values are all based on forward-looking data. The model dictates that shareholders require a return equal to the return from a risk-free investment plus an equity risk premium for bearing extra risk. Refer to Appendix 1 for a full breakdown of the CAPM formula.

on Net Operating Profit after Taxes, the invested capital required to generate that income, and the WACC.

EVA is a value-based financial performance measure based on Net Operating Profit after Taxes (NOPAT), the Invested Capital required to generate that income, and

Historically, the Du Pont innovation of (ROI) calculations represents one of the most significant turning points in the history of modern accounting and management, (Hounshell, 1998 ). The 1920’s began the Du Pont system company with methods and calculations from leaders, owners, executives, etc. Furthermore, it was the beginning of the integration of financial accounting, capital accounting, and cost accounting. When it comes to return on assets (ROA), they are a (ROI) measure that evaluates the organization’s return or net income relative to the asset base need to generate the income, (Finkler, Ward, & Calabrese, 2013). The Du Pont Company has been the leader of industrial research. Throughout the years with companies emerging, Du Pont’s method was becoming more prominent with owners and executives needing a method for

For this variable we take again the same risk free rate (4.66%) plus the equity market risk premium (5%) multiplied by the equity Beta of the E & P division (1.40). The beta we calculate with the comparables. The average equity beta in this industry is 1.15 and the average D/E ratio is 39.8%. With these information and the same formula as in question 3 we compute the asset beta

All of these calculated figures can then be used to calculate the WACC which is (17% x 3.47%) + (83% x 11.2%) = 9.87% WACC. This WACC percentage can then be used to value the investment and as a comparative in valuation methods. The full calculation and numerical values are shown in Appendix 1.

Diageo is interested in growing their people and business as well as improving financial returns and shareholder value to avoid situations of competitive parity. These views emphasize asset valuation using accounting and economic measures over effectiveness measures and lack a holistic approach to understanding value as an internally driven strategic effort (Barney 2001; Hawawini et al 2000). The RBV performed here on Diageo showcases how Diageo creates value and profits from their internal resources and focuses

After subtracting all economic costs from operating profits after taxes EVA reveals the true economic surplus available for further investment. Traditional cash flow analysis can easily disregard companies with negative cash flows because main purpose of traditional cash value metric is to control cash generation. In contrast, the main purpose of EVA is to optimize resource allocation. At difference to accounting measures, EVA highlights the gap in performance, and hence, aligns the interests of managers and shareholders. The link between shareholders value and economic profit of the company becomes more transparent. At difference to traditional accounting measures of corporate profit, EVA fully accounts for the company¡¦s overall capital costs. It includes both, the direct cost of debt capital and the indirect cost of equity capital. The cost of capital is the minimum return required to pay shareholder¡¦s equity . EVA can therefore determine whether or not the business is creating value but it can also indicate how much value is created at different business levels.