Evaluating Metastatic Involvement Of Lymph Nodes For Breast Cancer Patients

(p133-134, text). * Define metastasis. * Development of a secondary tumor in a location distant from the primary tumor. * Accomplished via lymphatic channels and circulation. * Trace the pathways for the hematologic and lymphatic spread of metastatic cancer cells. Evidence of disseminate disease presence in lymph that drain the tumor area, tumor cells lodge first in the initial lymph node that receives drainage from the tumor site, once in this lymph node cells may die b/c of the lack of a proper environment, remain dormant for unknown reasons, or grow in a discernible mass, If they survive and grow cancer cells, may spread from more distant lymph nodes to the thoracic duct, and the gain access to the blood vasculature, cancer cells may gain access to the blood vasculature from the initial node and more distant lymph nodes by way of tumor-associated blood vessels that may infiltrate the tumor mass. Sentinel

The development of regional lymph node recurrence is a rare event and is usually associated with a poor prognosis. It occurs more common in young women with large tumors (4). The rate of locoregional recurrence following mastectomy accounts for 9%, while it carries a 1-3% among early stage breast cancer. (17)

Breast Cancer is a cancerous tumor that has developed within the cells of the breast. The most ordinary area in the breast for breast cancer to develop is the ducts, and less ordinary in the lobules of the breast. The cancerous cells can intrude healthy breast tissue over time, or cells can break off from the tumor and travel to the lymph nodes and into the lymphatic system which could take them to other parts of the body (“Breast Cancer-Woman’s”).

ILC comprises 10 % of all invasive carcinoma and it is the second common breast carcinoma but it's difficult in early detection by mammography and accounts for high false negative detection rate in all imaging techniques (Selvi, 2015).

This paper will review four articles that examined which modality is better for diagnosing breast cancer while maintaining low dose to the patient.

Over 240,000 women will be diagnosed with breast cancer in 2014 and it is estimated that 40,000 will not survive this terrible disease. Although these numbers seem daunting, believe it or not, breast cancer survival rates are actually on the incline. Many researchers and doctors believe this is due to the advances in treatment of cancers and in earlier detection which is the key in fighting almost any cancer; early detection. Women are taught to do monthly self-examinations to detect anything ‘out of the

According to breastcancer.org, breast cancer is the uncontrolled growth of breast cells and also referred to as a malignant tumor. A malignant tumor has the potential to be dangerous and can eventually spread beyond the original tumor to other parts of the body. Breast cancer usually originates in the cells of the lobules, which are milk producing glands, or they can also begin in the ducts, which are openings that drain milk from lobules to the nipple (breastcancer.org). After time, the cancer cells attack neighboring healthy breast tissue and make way into

(Treatment of breast cancer) Stage 1 breast cancer is indicated when the tumour is still within the breast tissue and is no larger then 2 centimetres. Stage 2 breast cancer is when cancer cells can now be detected within the lymph nodes of the armpit, the tumour is now greater than 2 centimetres. The tumour in stage 3 breast cancer can now be any size, cancer cells have spread to the chest wall and the lymph nodes near the breastbone. Stage 4 breast cancer is also know as invasive or metastatic breast cancer. The cancer cells have spread outside of the breast to other organs and tissues of the body. (Breast Cancer, Kathleen N. Lohr)

Stage four or “advanced stage” breast cancers “indicate the presence of distant metastasis to other parts of the body, such as the liver or bones” (Halls 2015). The prognosis for stage four breast cancers is very low, often being 16-20%. These breast cancers may be recurrences following an individual’s initial treatment. "Bone scans, chest Xrays, CAT scans, MRIs, and blood tests may be used to check for metastasis” (Halls 2015).

Most people know breast cancer is a dangerous type of cancer that affects both men and women. Author Gayle Sulik of Pink Ribbon Blues: How Breast Cancer Culture Undermines Women 's Health describes breast cancer as, “abnormal cells [that] appear in the ducts (tubes that carry milk to the nipple) or the lobules (glands that make milk) and, more importantly, have the capacity to spread (metastasize)” (164). Breast cancer can be treated with surgeries and chemotherapy, radiation, and hormonal therapies. However, a person can still die even with treatment if the cancer metastasizes to major organs, like the brain and liver. For breast tumors and cancer to be diagnosed early, it is important to complete self-breast examinations and take the

Benign tumors grow less rapidly and are not a threat unless it continues to grow, and then the tumor must be removed. According to the American Cancer Society the second leading cause of death in America among women is breast cancer. 175,000 women and 1,300 men in America die in a year from this type of cancer; thankfully because of modern medicine this number is declining. There are various stages of breast cancer.  Stage zero means that there isn’t any indication of cancer cells that have penetrated or attacked adjacent normal cell tissue. This stage best describes non-invasive breast cancer.  Stage one on the other hand better illustrates invasive breast cancer; that means that the cancer cells have actually broken through and have begun invading some of the adjacent normal cell tissue.  Tumors in this stage measure up to about two centimeters; the lymph nodes are not involved in the spreading of the cancer.  Stage two of breast cancer is also an invasive form of cancer; in this stage the tumor has grown to at least 2 centimeters and is no more than five centimeters big.  The cancer has metastasized to the lymph nodes under the armpit on the side of the tumor, but the lymph nodes have not yet stuck together or affected surrounding tissues.  Stage three can be divided into two different categories.  They are both invasive, but the first one describes a tumor that is larger than five

If the lymph nodes are not inflamed, a simple sentinel lymph node biopsy may be conducted. This procedure uses a radioactive substance injected into the cancer site and the doctor will remove any nodes marked with the radioactive substance. These nodes will be analyzed microscopically looking for cancer morphology. A needle biopsy is less invasive with the doctor simply injecting a needle into a swollen lymph node and collecting tissue and cells. This kind of biopsy does have the potential to miss signs of metastasis due to lack of

A total mastectomy (simple mastectomy) – during this procedure, the oncologist removes the entire breast. During the same surgery (or after), the oncologist may remove some of the lymph nodes that are located under the patient’s arm. These lymph nodes are collected so that they can be biopsied. A separate incision is required to obtain these samples.

SLNB has shown promising result in detecting metastatic regional lymph node in other studies, and is accepted as staging for breast carcinoma and malignant melanoma (Choi et al.,2003). In present days many guidelines are advocating SLNB for management of OSCC with clinically negative node.

Context: The surgical treatment of breast cancer has changed significantly over time; but modified radical mastectomy is still performed in about 20-30% of patients undergoing surgeries. Many articles that study the breast lymphatic are claim that the deep fascia is a very poor in lymphatic.