Evaluating the Scientific Status of Science Subject: Comparative essay
Institution: Online University of Liverpool
Programme: Master of Mental Health & Clinical Psychology
Date: August 2015
Place: Kilifi, Kenya
Robert Mutsaers
Abstract
The phenomenon of pseudoscience as a cultural-historic product has been the center of controversy since early 20th century. In this essay, demarcation aspects between neuroscience and pseudoscience are explored in their relationship with scientific community & public and finally, contemporary cultural heritage. Firstly, the demarcation problem will be addressed with aspects of the Falsifiability concept in both science and pseudo science conceptualization. The short essay closes with an account of
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The interaction between science and the public sphere can be quite obscure and unclear when it comes to a proper distinguishing between substantiated arguments and legitimatory strategies. For example, one cannot assess that all risks and violations of scientific products with their respective processes should be addressed to science. In turn, one should be careful to maintain the opinion that science will only take credit for the so-called ‘golden eggs’ produced by the ‘science goose’. Whether we agree with it or not, scientists do maintain a reputation of dual reasoning when it comes to sharing legitimizations with politicians, the general public and in their jargon specific debates. The aphorism by Jerry Ravetz (1975) displays this in a phenomenal manner:
“Science takes credit for penicillin, while society takes credit for the bomb (Ravetz, 1975, pg. 46)”
Whether individuals are in line with rational thought or a spiritual one to legitimize their physical reality, there must be some acknowledgement that science developed impressive empirical tools/ methods to deduce scientific proof in setting today’s standards on what is considered scientific or non-scientific reasoning (Lerner, 2015, pg. 482)
Falsifiability
Throughout centuries, philosophy and science have been engaged into a love-hate relationship in
Ultimately, Wagemans findings prove that while scientific argumentation as a whole is inaccessible to the public, use of topical argumentations can direct the media focus and public attitudes towards environmental issues. Through applying the same analysis that Wagemans applied in this article, the utilization of topical argumentations becomes evident in the debate over the Enbridge Line 3 pipeline. Because Wagemans expounds that these topical argumentations are imperative to the public’s conception of scientific research, analyzing the monikers employed by groups conveying scientific research such as the Minnesota state government and Enbridge becomes a gauge for how each side is mediating the public’s attitudes towards the pipeline. Wagemans
Moreover, they used race, sex, and gender to impact the sociopolitical sphere, and create a certain level of autonomy and monopolization over scientific knowledge (Gieryn, 1983: 783). This directly relates to our discussion on credibility, and the popular image of the scientist as one of constructing facts (Haraway 1991: 23). Creating and maintaining an image of someone who is objective, one uninfluenced by social aspects (ibid: 23). Thus, making scientists absolved from any social accountability, and free from any restraints outside of the scientific community (ibid
Within the article titled “The Mistrust of Science” by Atul Gawande, the article is a written document of an address at the California Institute of Technology and describes the connection of science to every single human on Earth. This is done because the presenter defines science as “a systematic way of thinking” since science allows humans to contemplate beyond the information being given to them at any time, such as the questions may follow of how, when, where, why, and how? The presenter states the opinion that, no matter what major you are declared as or the type of occupation you hold, science is embedded into the way you are living, despite you not having any knowledge of certain science topics.
The development of the scientific method in the late 1500’s to the early 1600’s was a crucial stepping-stone in the science community. The scientific method is based upon observations, hypotheses and experimentation. The concept is rather simple, and can be applied to many areas of study. Once an observation is made, the observer can make a hypothesis as to why that phenomenon occurs and can then design an experiment to prove whether or not that hypotheses is valid. Although the scientific method has been extremely useful in the discovery of various things from usages of medications to studying animal behavior, there are still those who question the usage of this tool. These critics claim that since
During the featured article “how to make your exercise high last,” the author, S. Angle, describes the high you receive during and after a workout. This high is a feeling that you can’t miss, it happens after a great workout is finished, this feeling puts one's self in an astounding mood, plus making you ready for your next workout. The only problem with this is that it simply lasts for about 20 to 30 minutes before the feeling begins to go away. Studies by Johannes Fuss, Ph.D., the lead research of this study, have recently proven that this high feeling that many people enjoy are from our levels of endocannabinoids, and endorphins being at high levels. Endocannabinoids tend to have a more powerful effect on how we feel. Firstly, Endocannabinoids
Sometimes careless science publishing can weaken the public’s confidence in science and the government. The Media is enormously powerful and leading and will influence people’s opinions on everything. There are plenty of stories in the media that will change the public’s perception of science or even make them see a new perception. Sometimes these stories are just written to scare the public into believing a certain thing just so they can sell their stories.
For every reader it critically important to refine their skills in analyzing arguments in all types of readings, regardless of genre. A reader must carefully do so because if not the might receive all the wrong information from the author if they merely just look at the surface. Freedom of Expression is, in this case, a prime example of a document that should be better analyzed to finder the deeper meaning by the author. During the reading we see the author, Kembrew Macleod, discuss intellectual property law in which we can see how his thesis influences his organization of ideas, can appeal to multiple audiences being primary or secondary in the way he explains, also while including sufficient support for his thesis.
Since the dawn of mankind religion has been one of the most significant elements of a society’s social and cultural beliefs and actions. However, this trend has declined due to the general increase in knowledge regarding our the natural sciences. Where we had previously attributed something that we didn’t understand to the working of a higher power, is now replaced by a simple explanation offered by natural sciences. While advocates of Religion may question Natural Sciences by stating that they are based on assumptions, it is important to note the Natural Sciences are based on theories and principles which can be proven using mathematical equations and formulas. Faith however contrasts from the easily visible feasibility of data
With all the bad science in the media the general public is often confused as to which are the correct choices. Educating the public to be better consumers of science would improve general health and lower the need for access to healthcare (Pincus, Esther, DeWalt, & Callahan 1998).
Scientific sensationalism does not just water down the conversation surrounding important issues, it can make them dangerous. Because democracies hinge on an informed public, with increasing amounts of sensationalism, this public may be desensitized to genuinely alarming scientific discoveries because the have become acclimated to attention grabbing headlines
When dwelling into the explorations about science and religion, one can find it quite amusing. "If science and religion are to continue to coexist it seems opposed to the conditions of modern thought to admit that this result can be brought about by the so-called
George Orwell’s novel Animal Farm reflects society so much it’s scary. Napoleon the pig is leading the farm after the expulsion of Mr. Jones, the farm’s owner. At first Napoleon was a strong leader, but then he let power and success go to his head, and day by day he became more like Jones. Animal Farm reflects how society is today due to the fact it illustrates: selfishness, cluelessness, and lying. First and foremost, Napoleon’s selfishness was the downfall of animal farm.
Many people consider science and religion to be at loggerheads. Other people consider religions and science to be completely unrelated and different facets. The idea that many people have is that science seems to be more popular than the legions since it is based on facts while religion is based on perceptions. However, what many people fail to realize is that science is not the only source of facts, and religion has been effective in reaching out beyond the realms of morals and values. Indeed, science and religions rely on one another in examining and explaining the things that happens in the daily lives of individuals. Although the views of religion and science have been more or less distinct, there are several ways in which science and religions come together. This paper reviews
Other phrases throughout the first four pages use words like "nightmare", "destroy", "haunt", and "anguish" to attract readers to how seriously society takes awareness of science. These phrases get readers to feel the urgency of the views against science in society. The dark phrasing successfully shows that society has taken a responsible view against incorrect scientific application.
What is Science? When it comes to the word ‘science’ most of the people have some kind of knowledge about science or when they think of it there is some kind of image related to it, a theory, scientific words or scientific research (Beyond Conservation, n.d.). Many different sorts of ideas float into an individual’s mind. Every individual has a different perception about science and how he/she perceives it. It illustrates that each person can identify science in some form. It indicates that the ‘science’ plays a vital role in our everyday lives (Lederman & Tobin, 2002). It seems that everyone can identify science but cannot differentiate it correctly from pseudo-science and non-science (Park, 1986). This essay will address the difference between science, non-science and pseudo-science. Then it will discuss possible responses to the question that what should we do when there is a clash between scientific explanation and non-scientific explanation. Then it will present a brief examination about the correct non-scientific explanation.