Evaluation Of A Longitudinal Approach

This suggest that attachment has been at the forefront of children’s social relationships. Attachment substantially contributes to our understanding of why the experience of being physically abused might lead to the development of representations and behavioral patterns that hinder the development of peer relationships. Like Social Learning Theory regarding parental abusive models, attachment plays a major role in how abuse affects children. As such, attachment theory explores the relevance of maltreatment and physical abuse on children. The theory also concludes that children who experience abuse or neglect are likely to develop insecure and disorganized attachments, causing them to extend that same behavior to their own children. This suggests that early childhood adverse experiences influence later parenting behavior (Begle, Dumas & Hanson, 2010).

Next comes the phase of violence, which is characterized by hitting, slapping, kicking, choking, the use of objects or weapons, verbal threats or abuse, and sexual abuse. The final phase that sets the individuals up for the cycle to continue is the honeymoon phase. The honeymoon phase is noted by calm and apologetic demeanor. The individuals tend to go through denial about the abusive behavior, come up with excuses, and make promises about future behavior. While it is important to know how professionals define dating violence, it is also pivotal that those in the helping professions also have an understanding of how the teens themselves view the violence that occurs in their relationships. According to one study teens define abuse according to the context, intent, and actual harm caused (O’Keefe, 2005). In another study teens actually reported that in situations where revenge, retaliation, or prevention of face loss was the reason for the abusive behavior, the violence was justified (Sears, Byers, Whelan, & Saint-Pierre, 2006, p 1197). In the same study individuals reported that they also took into consideration whether the act was a result of their partner “just kidding” or a demonstration of their caring for their partner. Not only do definitions of interpersonal violence vary across the board, but they also vary significantly between males and females. Males and females have very different views as to what the purpose of

Reactive Attachment Disorder (RAD) was first introduced just over 20 years ago, with the publication of DSM-III (American Psychiatric Association, 1980). In the DSM-IV. The disorder is defined by aberrant social behavior that appears in early childhood and is evident cross contextually(1994). The disorder describes aberrant social behaviors in young children that are believed to derive from being reared in caregiving environments lacking species-typical nurturance and stimulation, such as in instances such as maltreatment or institutional rearing. (First, M., & Tasman, A. 2010) . In cases of RAD two major types of abnormalities have been cited; these include an emotionally withdrawn/inhibited type and an indiscriminately social/disinhibited pattern (First, M., & Tasman, A. 2010).Conditions in in foreign orphanages and institutions such as, multiple caregivers, maltreatment, abuse, neglect, and others contribute to the inability for internationally adopted children to form secure attachments. All of these factors contribute to internationally adopted children being at a higher risk to develop attachment disorders such as RAD and other behavioral problems.

Attachment disorder children never bond properly to their abusive caretakers, resulting in an inability to bond with anyone else later in life (Crosson-Tower 58).

In today’s society, teens are becoming more and more involved in domestic violence. No one would have thought that we would have a problem with domestic violence in our generation, that we left that back in the ancient times. We have overlooked domestic violence, we thought that it wasn’t an important matter but now in the past decade it has increased rapidly. In this paper, I will discuss whether or not teens are being physically and emotionally hurt in relationships are because when they were younger they were abused , whether this could be a reason why they are more drawn to becoming introduced to domestic violence.

In relation to the Adult Attachment Interview, one study focused on the states of mind and previous traumas of 70 neglectful or high risk mothers using a coding system called Hostile-Helpless (HH). This coding system for the Adult Attachment Interview according to Milot (2014),was developed to capture disorganized attachment states of mind that would result from childhood relational trauma.” (P.1351)The mothers were accessed using the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire, while results were coded from interview transcripts. The results of this study showed that there was a high prevalence of disorganized attachment states within the sample observed. Almost all of the mothers revealed a form of previous trauma, and in many causes reporting multiple

Reactive attachment disorder manifests before the age of five and affects how a child is able to attach to their guardians, teachers, friends, authority figures, and any other person in their lives. There are two recognized types of reactive attachment disorder. The inhibited type and the disinhibited type (Rhodes, 2016). The inhibited type is “emotionally withdrawn” (Roberds & Davis, 2011). They do not initiate social relations or respond developmentally appropriately. The disinhibited type could also be called “indiscriminate” (Roberds & Davis, 2011). They will look for comfort or interaction from strangers or caregivers indiscriminately. They can also be “described as shallow and attention seeking” (Roberds & Davis, 2011). Some of the symptoms of reactive attachment disorder, or RAD, could stem from other disorders such as post-traumatic stress disorder. “Children with RAD may lack empathy, may intentionally harm themselves or others, and may be hypervigilant. Children with RAD have also been observed to exhibit impulsive and self-endangering behaviors. They may generally struggle with emotional and behavioral regulation. Children diagnosed with RAD may have related issues stemming from abuse and neglect that are not part of RAD that also need professional attention. These include unattended medical conditions, as well as trouble with speech or language” (Roberds & Davis, 2011). Some sources also include trouble understanding cause and effect as well as a problem with

Bartholemew and Horowitz (1991) described a model of attachment in which the child’s image of the self and others are the most important roles. The four categories in this model are secure attachment in which the child has a sense of worthiness and that others are accepting (Bartholomew & Horowitz, 1991). Preoccupied attachment describes a feeling of unworthiness but with positive feelings towards others, fearful attachment combines unworthiness with a negative feeling towards others (Bartholomew & Horowitz, 1991). Dismissing attachment describes a feeling of worthiness with negative feeling towards others (Bartholomew & Horowitz, 1991). Pignotti (2011) explored the effects that early institutional care has on kids that are later adopted and their risk of RAD. Kemph & Voeller (2007) describe how RAD is seen to occur because of poor nurturing from the mother as well as several other prenatal factors. Minnis, Green, O’Conner, Liew, Glaser, Taylor, & Sadiq (2009) compare RAD with insecure attachment patterns and find that RAD is not the same as attachment insecurity, especially because it occurs early on. Other studies have tried to go further and study RAD and possible biological mechanisms that cause it. Kočovská, Wilson, Young, Wallace, Gorski, Follan, & Minnis (2013) studied the effects of reactive attachment disorder (RAD) and cortisol

Exposure to domestic violence can impact the behavioral, social-emotional, and cognitive development of children. Children who are exposed to domestic violence tend to exhibit more aggressive behaviors with their peers, show signs of depression, and have a difficult time forming relationships (Brown & Bzostek, 2003). Cognitively, studies have shown that children exposed to domestic violence may have difficulties learning and concentrating in school, have difficulties with conflict resolution skills, and may believe in male privilege, (Brown & Bzostek, 2003). Concentration is difficult for children exposed to domestic violence because of how unsafe they may feel in their surroundings. They may be preoccupied with the violence that is

When faced with domestic violence these children sometimes carry on violence when they become adults or blame themselves. This article explores theories and situations that show the long term and short term effects of domestic violence. They identified 41 studies that provided relevant and adequate data for inclusion in a meta-analysis. Forty of these studies indicated that children 's exposure to domestic violence was related to emotional and behavioral problems, translating to a small overall effect (Wolfe, Crooks, Lee, McIntyre-Smith, & Jaffe, 2003).

Attachment theory maintains that healthy interactions between a caregiver and a child are needed to form a secure attachment, which is the foundation of identity formation and healthy mental functioning. “Attachment is a biologically based bond that plays a vital role in brain development; maintaining bonds of trust, attaining full intellectual potential, acquiring a conscience, language development, learning to regulate feelings, identify and self-esteem, and organization of the nervous system (Kiely, n.d., slide 4.) A key concept of attachment is that an infant’s needs are met by a good-enough caregiver thereby positively impacting the above mentioned and the internal working model of a child. Research has shown the majority of children form of secure attachment. This paper addressed the children that do not form a secure attachment with a focus on the risk Borderline Personality Disorder in adulthood. A brief overview of what was found in the research

Young boys in the family who grow up watching their father mistreat their mother are more likely to abuse their spouse as they grow older. Past family history of domestic violence gives young boys the idea that women are weak and are not to be respected during their relationship. Young girls who eyewitness their family going through domestic violence are likely to be victimized by their spouse (Goldsmith 1).

Domestic violence has grown to become a prevalent issue within households in the United States. Being such a great issue, we come to question the percentage of children affected and the impact it has on their social development and interaction with others. It is crucial for us to understand and recognize the long term effects that domestic violence can have on adolescents.

Through this article, we learn that infants who experience domestic violence have trouble sleeping and eating, while older children develop a change in behavior and anxiety (McFarlane et al. 2003; Hornor, 2005). Boys who experience violence in the home tend to be more aggressive and disobedient. While on the other hand, girls who experience violence in the home tend to be more introverted and depressed. Nonetheless, both genders are impacted negatively by domestic violence.