Evaluation Of Effect Of Non Steroidal Anti Inflammatory Drugs On Growth Of Probiotics

After the analgesics or the non-steroidal anti inflammatory drug commonly referred to as (NSAIDs) have proven non-responsive, disease modifying

Although the mechanism of action of acetaminophen is unclear, it is generally believed to work the same was as ibuprofen. Ibuprofen and acetaminophen produce therapeutic effects by reversibly inhibiting cyclooxygenase and thus blocking the synthesis of proinflammatory prostaglandins, prostacyclins and thromboxanes from arachidonic acid. The effects of these prostanoids include lowering the pain threshold thereby exaggerating pain perception. Inhibiting the synthesis of these prostanoids increases the pain

Antibiotics are important for the treatment of bacterial infections, and it is therefore important to know how different antibiotic works in different contexts. Different kinds of bacteria are affected to different degrees by different antibiotics, and it may therefore be useful to know which antibiotic that attacks the bacteria. The purpose of this report is to analyze how antibiotics including Chloramphenicol and Ampicillin affect the growth rate of bacteria Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis. Which antibiotic is the most effective or least effective in inhibiting the growth rate of these two bacteria respectively?

In this lab experiment, two species of bacteria were cultured on tryptic soy agar (TSA) with the addition of four different antibiotics to demonstrate the effectiveness of each anti biotic. The two species grown were E. coli and Staphylococcus epidermidis, both very different in relation to size, shape, and gram state. The four antibiotic drugs tested on the TSA plate were Penicillin, Streptomycin, Kanamycin, and Erythromycin, each with a different function and effectiveness. The following information provided will review the two bacteria’s pathogenicity and the four antibiotics mechanism of action and application.

In 1953, Kollath introduced the term ‘probiotic’. Etymologically, the term ‘probiotic’ is originated from the hybridization of Greek words ‘προ’ and ‘βιοτος’, which brough the meaning of ‘for life’. In 1953, the term ‘probiotic’ was introduced by Kollath as “organic and inorganic supplements necessary to restore health to patients suffering a form of malnutrition resulting from eating too much highly refined food” (Hamilton-Miller et al., 2003). The probiotic word has evolved throughout the years. As indicated by the World Health Organization (WHO), probiotics are characterized as "live microorganisms that able to provide advantage to the host when consume in adequate amount (World Health Organization [WHO], 2001). Probiotics also classified

NSAIDs are group of pharmaceutical drugs used in the treatment of fever, pain and swelling in mild to intermediate acute inflammatory

Antibiotics are amongst the most important medical discoveries and their introduction represents a remarkable success story (Hedin, 2011). The term antibiotics literally means against life (Walsh, 2000). Thus antibiotics can be used against any microbe such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, and protozoa. However, some people use the term to only apply to bacteria, but in this paper, the more appropriate term will be used.

NSAIDS stands for non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Other version of this drug is naproxen and ibuprofen. This drug helps treat swelling, pain reliever, and lower fevers. How NSAIDS work is by preventing an enzyme from doing its job. The enzyme is COX. There are two versions. COX-1 is known for protection of the stomach lining form harsh acids and digestive chemicals. Cox-2 is produced when joints are injured or inflamed.

Chronic pain increases stress levels and anxiety. Do you really want to have to worry about the side effects of the NSAID's you are taking as well? Well documented research states that NSAID's can cause gastro intestinal bleeding and liver problems. There have been widely reported deaths involving NSAID's, which have since been taken off the market.

The paper aims to address the effects of antibiotics in growth promotants and their use in the food industry and how the effects on the evolution of bacterial species can be mitigated in humans. It will explore the results of historic bans and the continual use of growth promotants in the industry.

NSAID, for those who don’t know, is one of the more common pain relief meds one can get and is used to treat a variety of pain symptoms. But also it is used to lower swelling and fever.

In a study by Cho et al, the authors establish a link between use of antibiotics and the microbiome and metabolism. Antibiotic use affects the microbiome which leads to increased adiposity and release of hormones which affect metabolism. Changes in the microbiome results in changes in how the body breaks down carbohydrates and how it regulates liver function and cholesterol. (4)

NSAIDs work commonly by blocking the action of cyclooxygenase isoenzymes (COX-1, COX-2). This consequently blocks the production of prostaglandins which are responsible for inflammation9. The COX-2 isoenzyme is the particular enzyme that produces prostaglandins, which cause inflammation. On the other hand, COX-1 isoenzymes do not produce these inflammatory prostaglandins, but have various other effects. An important effect is maintaining a healthy stomach and intestinal lining9. Traditional non-selective NSAIDs block the action of both COX-1 and COX-2. These can lead to harmful side effects such as intestinal damage and peptic ulcers, amongst others. NSAIDs are commonly prescribed with a PPI to counteract these harmful side effects. In comparison to the other NSAIDs, Etoricoxib is an orally active, selective COX-2 inhibitor2. It does not inhibit the cyclooxygenase-1 isoenzyme. Therefore it simply lowers the prostaglandin production, consequently meaning that there are fewer chances of stomach-related side effects9.

Probiotics are ingestable microorganisms which gives the consumer a beneficial effect. First coined by the late eli Metchnikoff probiotics are described to be microorganisms which are ingested in small amount to increase the diversity of both flora and fauna inside the human body this reaction in turn affects the adaptation abilities for the human body to react to different surroundings, digest different things, or just improve the antibody or the mechanism that already exists in the human body.

For every eukaryotic cell in the human body, scientists estimate that there are about ten prokaryotic cells present, which means that more than half of what makes up the human body is 30-40 trillion bacteria and archaea. Recent research suggests that this diverse microbiota is both directly and indirectly responsible for human mental and physical health. As the human body develops, so does the microbe flora. Lactobacillus acidophilus (L acidophilus), L. fermentum, L. plantarum, and L. rhanosus are just some of the dangerous sounding bacteria that are not just beneficial but essential to proper human health. All of these helpful strains of bacteria are given the common name of probiotics. Scientists are just now beginning to understand the immense effect of the gut bacteria in human everyday lives and they, very well, may find that through manipulation of probiotics, any disease could potentially be inhibited/cured.