Evaluation Parameters Of Gastro Retentive Drug Delivery System

The majority of medicines are formulated for oral administration. This means they are taken via the mouth, in the form of a tablet, capsule, liquid or suspension. These medicines come in a variety of

The route in which a medication is administered is the ‘path’ that the drug/substance/fluid/poison is taken into the body these include:-

This is medication that is taken via the mouth. This can be in the form of tablets and capsules. If an individual finds it difficult to swallow tablets oral medication is also available in liquids, suspensions and syrups. Sublingual medications are for example when tablets are placed under the tongue to dissolve quickly.

Some medications can be inserted into the anus (rectally) as a suppository. They may contain active ingredients that are meant to have a local effect.

Oral - medicines can be given orally in the form of capsules, tablets, liquids or powders.

The hypothesis was formed under the thought that the fastest dissolving pill would be the most effective because the sooner the ingredients and materials were realized, the sooner they would be able to attack and neutralize the pain, therefore getting the job done quicker or more efficiently. The hypothesis was not supported because, overall, the first two pills to dissolve were both children’s pain killers and were “junior strength”. Therefore, these medicines could not have been the most effective because the strength is significantly weakened to accommodate to young kids, and would not be as effective as normal strength medicines. In order to accurately determine the time taken for the pills to dissolve inside the body, it is very important to create a solution similar to stomach acid. Stomach acid was simulated by heating vinegar, which has the same ph level of stomach acid and shares other similarities in makeup and properties. The vinegar was heated to 36.7 degrees Celsius and constantly stirred to represent the temperature and motion of stomach acid. Eight different pills were timed to see how fast they dissolved. Each type of pill was tested three times in order to find an average for each medicine. The pills tested were Advil, Children’s Advil Grape Flavored, Ibuprofen, Children's Ibuprofen Grape Flavored, Tylenol, Tylenol Liquid Gels, Aleve, and Aleve Liquid Gels. The children's strength pills were the first two medicines to dissolve. Aleve was the slowest to dissolve and took almost two hours to dissolve. The liquid gel capsules were the second and third slowest pills to dissolve. In order, from fastest to slowest to dissolve, the medicines were Children's Ibuprofen Grape Flavored, Children’s Advil

The evidence that support my findings are related to the situation that I observed, but they have to be consider as a last resource and the method has to be justified. Wilkinson et al. (2011) in his procedure to administrated oral medication, suggested that oral medication, such as tablets being prescribed can be crush or dissolve with water or soft food such as pudding or yogurt to help the patients have their medications, using this method as a last resort and seeking consent from the patient, as well as consulting his doctor or the pharmaceutics team.

Based on ¨Principles of Pharmacokinetics¨, ¨pharmacokinetics is the study of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion¨ (Ratain 2003). In other words, the drug's pharmacokinetics determines the duration and the intensity of the effect on the body. Absorption rate can be affected by the drug itself, such as: rate of dissolution, lipid solubility, and route (VandeWaa 2016). The absorption process starts by the route of admission, in this case oral. The oral, or by mouth, route of administration for drugs is the most common. When a pill is taken by mouth, it travels down to the stomach, were most pills dissolve. While in the stomach, some kinds of pills are absorbed into the stomach lining, but some move on to the small intestine. Every pill eventually ends up in the bloodstream and circulate through the body to tissues and organs (Howell 2017). Once passive diffusion occurs, the cells absorb the molecules of the medicine. Then, the molecules of the medicine will exit the cells and travel in the bloodstream for the distribution process.

How does the way a drug enters the body make a difference in its efforts? There are many different routes that drugs can be introduced to the body. One is, sublingual which means that you can dissolvable drugs under the tongue. The blood flows differently, it bypasses

Microspheres formulated using 0.1 M calcium chloride exhibited the highest drug loading at 14%, with 66.5% encapsulation efficiency. Less than 4% and 35% propranolol release occurred from hydrated and dried microspheres, respectively, in 2 hours in simulated gastric fluid (SGF). 90% of the drug load was released in increments of 5 hours and 7 hours from hydrated and dried microspheres, respectively, in simulated intestinal fluid (SIF). Prior incubation of hydrated microspheres in SGF extended the time of release in SIF to 10 hours. Restricted propranolol release in SGF and complete extraction in SIF demonstrate the potential of alginate gel microspheres for oral delivery of

However, PPIs cannot be simply dropped into the stomach because they will not reach their target. They are prodrugs that are activated in the presence of an acidic environment. The drugs must be absorbed by the small intestine and reach the circulation via parietal cells and be exported to the canaliculi of the stomach so that the first nucleophile they see is the PPI. Enteric coatings or admixture with bicarbonate are ways to protect the prodrug from acid before they are systemically

There are many new ways that are currently being used to improve the oral bioavailability of protein therapeutics. One way is to create microspheres of the product. This can increase bioavailability of the oral route. There are some drugs that are have microsphere technology but no FDA approved oral microspheres peptides. There are a few drug products that have been microencapsulated, Micro-K, Raloxifene Hydrochloride, and insulin. The Micro-K is an FDA approved drug product and it provides an extended release oral dosage form that some patients prefer. It releases potassium slowly in the GI tract like other extended release forms.

Medication administration to a pediatric patient can be challenging. Prescribers should order dosage forms that are age appropriate for their patients. The drug delivery industry offers a full array of innovative dosage forms, which are suitable for pediatric patients of all ages. As for adults, the appropriate dosage forms for adults should be based on the specific needs of the patient. Dosage form depends on the patients’ delivery method of the medication (Olson, J., 2006).

Conventional suppositories habitually cause discomfort during insertion. And also, suppositories are unable to be sufficiently retained at a specific position in the rectum, sometimes they can migrate up-wards to the colon that makes them possible for drug to undergo the first-pass effect. Choi et al. developed novel in situ gelling liquid suppositories with gelation the temperature at 30–36°C. Poloxamer 407 and/ or poloxamer 188 were used, that give the temperature-sensitive gelation property. In-situ gel possesses a potential action for rectal & vaginal route. Miyazaki et al. investigated the use of xyloglucan based thermo reversible gel for rectal drug delivery of

Novel drug delivery systems have numerous advantages over conventional multi dose therapy. In developing novel drug delivery system considerable research work is focused on controlled release and sustained release dosage forms. Now considerable efforts are being made to deliver the drug in such a manner so as to get target benefits. One of such method is microencapsulation. Microencapsulation is a process by which very tiny droplets or particles of liquid or solid material are surrounded or coated with a continuous film of polymeric material. Microencapsulation is a useful method to prolong, modify and delay drug release from pharmaceutical dosage forms and reducing adverse effect. Microspheres form an important part of such novel drug