Evaluation of Different Artefacts

In the article “The Effects of Postnatal Depression on Infants Development”, a study suggested that there’s no association between attachment status and maternal depression. However, the article suggested we take note that high rates of insecurities were present in both the test and controlled group. In the article “Postpartum Depression and Mother-Infant relationship at Three Months”, the study suggested that the mother-infant relationship presented less vocal and visual communications, less corporal interactions, and less smiling. This article also suggests that depressed mothers are often not seen by psychiatrist because they usually present mild symptoms that are frequently minimized by themselves or their environment. This article focuses both on the mother and the infant, as well as their relationship, where the other article focuses predominately on the

I believe that mental health is not well discussed, or known, in today’s culture. People could struggle with mental health daily and others could have no idea. There are many different types of mental health issues, and one specific issue that is rarely discussed is postpartum depression. Postpartum depression is a specific type of depression that new mothers can experience after the birth of their child. (Schacter, Gilbert, Wegner, Nock, 2012). The changing hormones a mother can experience directly after birth cause this condition. Postpartum depression can cause a mother to feel sad, guilty, and even experience thoughts of suicide. Postpartum depression may be discussed in the text, but the causes and even the treatments are not.

British psychologist John Bowlby (1952) had suggested that in infanthood, the relationship of the infant and the mother have a crucial impact on their lives, and deprivation of maternal care will increase the risk of mental disorders and even juvenile delinquency. He had “believed… [what] is essential for mental health is that the infant and young child should experience a warm,

Specific educational programs that mental health agencies or communities sponsor are examples of primary prevention. One such program aimed at parents of newborn infants in an Ohio county is the “Don’t Shake the Baby” project. The goal of the program is to educate parents about a form

Postnatal depression (PND) is an isolating and debilitating mental health disorder that effects an estimated 13-15% of new mothers within one year post-delivery (CDC, 2008; Gaynes et al., 2005). PND can be experienced as a vast array of symptoms such as anhedonia, excessive crying, mixed anxious mood, sleep disturbance, and even suicidality (Kantrowitz-Gordon, 2013). Further, mothers with PND typically report difficulty bonding with their infant and a reduced ability to express love and warmth (Letourneau et al., 2012; Paulson, Dauber & Leiferman, 2006). Occasionally, the mother has thoughts and images associated with hurting herself or her baby (NEED REFERENCE).

Ans.1) Postnatal depression is a clinical practice term describes the signs and symptoms which women may experience after childbirth. It effects majority of females but 4-25% of new fathers also affected by depression. Postnatal depression (PND) has a major impact on maternal physical and mental health. It affects around 12 to15% of all childbearing women in Australia. The prevalence may vary 3% to 30% depends assessment time. There are about 250,000 births each year in Australia, from which at least 25,000 to 50,000 women are likely to be affected by PND every year (Yelland, Sutherland, & Brown,2010).In 40% to 70% cases, the onset of postnatal depression arise in first 3 months. It often persist for many months. 25% to 60%of cases remit

I am writing to you in regards to the recent lootings of Sinagua sites and the destruction of historical context that can never be replaced. Not only is looting illegal on Federal land due to various Archaeological protection laws, its severely inhibits archaeologists jobs to recover the precious data that it left from the people of the past. Archaeologists already have a difficult job teasing out wide swathing theories about culture and various uses of artifacts and features from very little evidence. Much of the analysis has to with the context of the find and its provenience related to everything around it. Once an artifact has been removed from In Situ in loses the valuable information that was once associated with it. We can no longer tell for certain when the artifact was used due to the destruction of the strata, when we could have once created a relative time line comparing surrounding feature and artifacts. Any possibility for absolute dating techniques would be null and void as it is essential that we know that the artifact in question had come from the same stratigraphic layer as

Having a baby should be one of the happiest and most important events in a woman?s life. However, although life with a new baby can be both thrilling and rewarding, it can also be a difficult and quite stressful task. Most women make the transition without great difficulty, yet some women experience considerable complexity that may manifest itself as a postpartum psychiatric disorder (O?hara, Hoffman, Philips, & Wright, 1992). Many physical and emotional changes can occur to a woman during the time of her pregnancy as well as following the birth of her child. These particular changes can leave a new mother feeling sad, anxious, afraid and

Some researchers have attributed this imbalance of hormones to a dramatic increase in depressive behavior (Bloch et al. 2003 and Brummelte and Galea, 2010). These fluctuations in hormones do not only affect the mother, but the child as well. The spikes in hormone production can essentially, “bathe” an unborn child in heightened levels of cortisol and norepinephrine (Murray et al. 2013). The ramifications of these hormone “baths” are numerous. In one study, the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC) in the UK, asked whether untreated prenatal maternal depression might predict poor prenatal nutrition and whether this was associated with postnatal child cognitive function. The results of this study supported the hypothesis that severe depressive symptoms during pregnancy correlated with lower levels of healthy nutrition and elevated levels of unhealthy nutrition, which in turn were prospectively related to a reduction in children’s cognitive functioning at 4 years of age (Gentile S. 2015). There was also evidence to support that at 7 and 8 years of age, children of depressed mothers might also be at risk of suffering from emotional and behavior problems, specifically children whose mothers were affected by chronic depression (Gentile S. 2015). The increases in unhealthy levels of nutrition have also been shown to have a correlation to poorer growth in infants (Gentile S. 2015). According to S. Gentile, children whose mothers experienced antenatal depression had a greater central adiposity, but weighed less for a given height. The lack of muscle, in relation to the concentration to adipose tissue, can stunt the growth, motor development, and coordination of a growing child. Without proper nutritional support and therapy, children whose mothers experienced antenatal or postpartum depression, are at risk for developmental and cognitive setbacks in their early

Cox, J. L., Holden, J. M., & Sagovsky, R. (1987). Detection of postnatal depression. Development of the 10-item Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 150(6), 782-786. doi:10.1192/bjp.150.6.782.

Regarding public health and associated concern, in the recent years, it has been observed that mental illness has a major impact on pregnant women and the postpartum period which has become a concern of public health lately. The aspect that associated with the pregnancy of women and their mental health that has brought this topic to the forefront is the fact that mental health problems like depression and anxiety have the probability to impact women twice as compared to men. The severity of the situation can be seen from the fact that depression is one of the main reasons of maternal mental illness during the childbearing age of women, which is approximately between the age group of 15 to 44 years. As a result of this to the Global Burden of Disease (GBD), it contributes about 7% of the entire GBD for women of all age group (Leham, 2015).

One issue that is a concern for young mothers is a lack of social support leading to an increased risk for depression. The risk of depression for a young mother is higher than that of the risk for older mothers to develop depression (Lanzi, Bert, & Jacobs, 2009). The risk for depression is a health issue as depression lowers the mother’s warmth and sensitivity towards her child, which links to poorer behavior in the infant, and also links to the mothers isolating themselves

It is becoming more recognized and well- known around the world that the mental well-being of one’s parents largely affects the development and or the emotional and mental states of oneself. Research is becoming much more widespread and researchers could make important recommendations on how to intervene in the lives of children with parents suffering from mental illness to best prevent harm to their health and well-being as they grow. It has been found that the most common mental illnesses among people of child-bearing age are anxiety, depression, and eating disorders. Most policy however deals with the care of children whose parents must be hospitalized due to their conditions. Much of the current research though aims to show that even those which do not require extreme medical intervention can impact children physically, emotionally, socially, cognitively, etcetera.

This memorandum describes the appropriate psychological activities for both pregnant and postpartum women in order to systemize their behavior for optimum health of both themselves and their children. The ultimate aim of this communication is to lessen the chances of postpartum mental conditions that 85% of women experience when pregnant or after the birth of their child.

Recently, researchers has examined the reasons why depression is a major risk for children. According to Love et al (2000), maternal depression is generally known in mothers with young minors. According to National Child & Maternal Health Program, mothers especially new mothers would feel sad, nervous, anxious and overwhelmed during and after pregnancy that can interrupt their everyday activities taking care of their infants. In Love et al (2000) article, they investigated the association of parenting behaviors with maternal depression. Therefore, this paper will further discuss the potential contributing factors of maternal depression and effective treatment.