Evaluative Standards

A key philosophy of Beck’s cognitive theory of emotional disorders (Beck, 1967; 1976) relates to emotional disorders, such as anxiety and depression, being maintained through distorted thinking, sometimes known as cognitive distortions (CDs). These CDs can be recognised at surface level as negative automatic thoughts (NATs) that process in an individual’s consciousness. Therefore an individual with an emotional disorder will interpret an event in a negative manner, thus perceiving the situation as a threat or in a detrimental way. These distorted thoughts or NATs are supported by assumptions in the memory known as underlying beliefs (Wells, 1997).

Gross (1998) suggested that emotions occur as a result of a person-situation transaction. This transaction coerces attention, holds value to the individual and signals a malleable multisystem response. The situation is attended to in different ways producing numerous appraisals that alter behavioural and physiological responses. As there is no hierarchy of

Ben-Shahar speaks correctly while discussing how individuals must give themselves permission to experience negative feelings before they reach the point where they can completely experience the positive feelings. Therefore, positive feelings are inadvertently blocked by negative feelings. Dr. Mathieu (2011) from Psychology Today, discusses how “providing so many positive solutions can inadvertently blame people for their suffering” (para. 3). Henceforth, whenever people see articles on being happy and social media posts where everyone has their happiest face on, they do not accept the it is okay to have negative feelings as well. Ben-Shahar discusses how many people feel inferior while experiencing negative feelings, but in reality every person except the dead and psychopathic experience the same feelings. Counseling Directory (2016) identifies that “we are continually setting ourselves up to fail” (para. 5). Furthermore, acting as part of the human race means that individuals are imperfect. Striving to reach perfection is the beginning of failure because of the impossibility forever block the

People prejudge others before you get to know them. “loaded language” (5). Plays on personal feelings from past beliefs, as well as, prejudgment in our interactions with others. We need to ask one’s mind is it right to do, or say. Is my conscience clear in the midst of a panic? We can change our mind set on how we communicate with real life issues that are very complex. I feel from reading Weston’s book that if he can reach out and make a change in the world and help others change their moral mindset of thinking we all would live happier. I feel if we apply passion to our thinking when using emotions that it too can play a strong role in our ability to problem-solve. Letting our emotions get in the way of our thinking for a positive outcome is okay. As he reaches out to open minds on having more than one possibility to help solve a problem, when one is in an emotional state of mind, it can alter our way of thinking morally. Does redirecting a situation when emotions are high make it an ethical decision. Let us compare this to family court, when parents are bashing each other to look better than the other parent, is it the right thing. Does this help escalate their situation or make it worse? Our ability to problem solve has gone hay wire in today’s court systems, maybe. Having angry and sad emotions help give a direct understanding to equal morals. Overlooking morel ethics can be damaging to equality. He inquires we should be mindful thinkers. I feel Anthony wants us to be mindful thinkers in every aspect of decision making. When I say mindful I don’t mean having a one-sided thought. I am talking about being open minded, even if it means thinking of the other person. How would I feel being in that person’s shoes? What did they do to get here? Would you travel in his/her shoes after knowing their battle? Some would say yes others would say no, while a few would say what they could have done better not to be in that

Our parents raise us hoping for us to develop certain character traits, but there comes to a point when we start to become our own person based on the experiences we go through, any situation, good or bad, can influence our personality mentally and emotionally. Emotion is what makes us human, it's how we cope and how we manage our crazy lives’. When our feelings get damaged or even nourished, it will change how we react

Fading affect bias is a finding that the intensity of the affect that are associated with negative autobiographical memories tends to fade faster than affect associated with positive autobiographical memories. For example, when someone is initially turned down for a job, the individual may initially experience feelings of distress or sadness, but over time, they may begin to feel relief and decide that not being hired for that position turned out for the better. (Walker & Skowronski, 2009) Dissimilarly, an article by Baumeister, Bratslavsky, Finkenauer, and Vohs published in 2001 hypothesizes that, according to multiple literatures, it is the “negatively valenced” events in our lives that have the most significant emotional and psychological

Lacking emotion to stimuli that should provoke emotion, or isolation, is prevalent throughout the short story, Attitude Adjustment. This psychological trait can warp emotions and the health of individuals, which is displayed by Father Jim. “For a long time after the accident, Father Jim felt like a robot he’d seen blown apart in a movie, its many pieces scattered, all still blinking, still functioning, but totally disconnected” (Gautreaux 74). As he continued to isolate his emotions after the accident, many situations tended to be far worse than they should have.

“When you hold out for high standards, people are impressed-but they don't always like you for it. Not everybody will be on your side in your struggle to do what's right and ethical. In fact, sometimes even you won't be on your side. You'll wrestle with inner conflict, torn between what you should do and what you want to do. You'll also aggravate other people. Seems when you walk the straight and narrow you always step on someone's toes. Don't count on the ethics of excellence to make you popular.”

One example indicates that happy people tend to internalize feelings of achievement when they have been successful, while switching to an external locus of control by blaming outside, unstable factors for failure events. Depressed people, on the other hand, typically internalize failures while refusing to take credit for successes. This effect is an informational influence on the observer’s perceptions. In addition, there are also processing effects created by affect that influence perception. For example, a happy person is likely to skip more details as they are less systematic in their observations, while people with negative attitudes are more

This article talks about how if you experience a stressful situation with a negative attitude compared to a positive one and how it can affect a person’s life. Stressful situations in a human 's life can increase chances in having mental disorders if entered with a negative attitude. Many trials have been done to see the change in a person’s attitude or how they react to the stressful task.

Fredrickson, 2001 . The undoing effect of positive emotions. Motivation and Emotion, vol. 24, pp. 237–258.

However, in the 1970’s and 1980’s the pendulum gradually began to swing away from a sole reliance upon rational and technical thinking, and towards recognition that emotions have greater sway than was previously thought. Two psychologists, Kahneman and Tversky, investigated how people made decisions. Their revolutionary work indicated that instead of ration, people often used ‘heuristics’, or emotional shortcuts (Ripley 2009, 31). Emotions were finally being recognised as a legitimate factor.

James's theory has several implications. First, if the perception of peripheral physiological responses constitutes emotion, then each shade of emotion should stem from distinguishable patterns of physiological arousal. For example, fear should be tied to one pattern of bodily responses, and anger should arise from a different pattern. According to James's theory, if two patterns of responses are not different, then they cannot be distinguished as two emotions.

What are the relevant professional standards? (Kyte, 2012). The relevant professional standards in the hospital include getting a yearly flu shot or wearing a mask to prevent spread of the flu from the nurse to the patient or from the patient to the nurse (Gounley, 2013). It is still a personal decision whether or not to get the flu shot under a professional standard. Darling states:

The article that I have chosen to write is that of the authors Ajay B. Satpute, Erik C. Nook, Sandhya Narayanan, Jocelyn Shu, Jochen Weber, and Kevin N. Ochsner. The article is entitled “Emotions in ‘Black and White’ or Shades of Gray? How We Think About Emotion Shapes Our Perception and Neural Representation of Emotion.” This article speaks on how social life and interactions of social life forms categorized judging of different emotions one deals with in life and throughout the day. This article also takes a look into the internal mechanisms of emotions and how they also affect different expressions and reactions to different situations and stimuli. Proceeding further, researchers observe whether or not the emotion being expressed is either “calm”, or “fear” affects how the individual will categorize the particular, emotion. This will cause varying responses of different emotions being affected when coming across these emotions again further on in life. After these brief snippets of information, the article progresses onto the hypothesis of the article, which will be tested throughout the article as it proceeds. The hypothesis basically states, “The continuous black and white thinking of varying emotions cause the mental representations of these cues to be on par with the categorical term used for it” (Sapute et al.,2016). The authors of this article used multiple tests involving several participants to help view if