Events to Help End Segregation

As a few white passengers boarded the bus and the white sections were already full so the driver shouted back at four black people including Rosa Parks “Move y'all, I want those two seats”. As this demand was made by the driver 3 of the bus riders obeyed to what was shouted back, however Rosa Parks remained in her seat and was determined not to move. She was arrested following the bus drivers order and fined ten dollars. This, however small incited a great wave of bus boycotts which in Montgomery black people chose not to ride the bus for a period of 381 days. This still to date is known as the moment in which the civil rights movement started to gain headway. It was the will of one woman who decided it was time for black people to take a stand and from this point on Martin Luther King was assigned to take this boycott on. Although he was assigned to take this on people also felt as he was young, fresh and people had not formulated enough of an opinion of him, there was little room for him to be hated yet so he posed as the right figure to lead this. After the many days of boycotting the case of this transport issue in Alabama went to the Supreme Court. Here it was decided that segregation was declared as unconstitutional so segregation by law was no

In a march against segregation and barriers for African-American voting rights, peaceful marchers were exposed to harsh treatment by the police, 50 being hospitalized by the terrorism inflicted on them (civilrights.org). The targeted protest became infamous in the Civil Rights Movement, marked “Bloody Sunday” and was crucial to gaining favor of the public (civilrights.org). The two causes went hand in hand in this, rocketing in support and becoming the main goal of the country - the end of segregation was the most dire problem that the Civil Rights Movement needed to solve. And with the 24th Amendment, Civil Rights Act of 1964, and Voting Rights Act of 1965 being ratified, the civil rights movement and the fight to end segregation reached its legal goal (infoplease.com). However, the nation’s mentality needed work - though the popularity of Civil Rights was rising, many riots and racial hate crimes continued to occur throughout the country, with many casualties resulting from them (infoplease.com). The ratification of these laws may have made the “separate but equal” rhetoric illegal for the U.S. but the citizens inside it still battled for their beliefs. As segregation and civil rights become national topics, their

The Montgomery Bus Boycott began with the public arrest of an African American woman and civil rights activist named Rosa Parks. As stated in Document A,”Rosa Parks boarded a city bus and sat down in the closest seat. It was one of the first rows of the section where blacks were not supposed to sit… The bus driver told Rosa Parks that she would have to give up her seat to a white person. She refused and was arrested.” Rosa’s arrest sparked a number of radical events that fought against racial inequality and segregation over the span of thirteen months. The Montgomery Bus Boycott was successful because it led to the U.S. Supreme Court ruling that racial segregation among public transportation (especially buses) was unconstitutional. The Montgomery

One method that was used to advance the cause of Civil Rights was the Montgomery Bus Boycott in Montgomery, Alabama, in the year 1955. On December 1st, Rosa Parks was arrested “after refusing to give up her seat on the bus to a white man” (New York World-Telegram and Sun). The community boycotted the bus system until December 20th 1956, when Browder v. Gayle took effect. In Browder v. Gayle, the Supreme Court ruled that segregated buses were unconstitutional. By boycotting the buses, the people put pressure on the community and the legislators.

The event that started the boycott was when Rosa Park refused to move from her seat to give it to a white passenger on a city bus. This was significant because African Americans were still required to sit in the back while the whites sat in the front of the bus. As a result, Rosa Park was arrested and fined. Although Parks was not the first, it was her arrest that lead to a protest against segregation since she was dignified and non violent. Rosa Parks’s arrest sparked the Montgomery Bus Boycott, during which blacks refused to ride the buses in protest over the bus system’s policy of racial segregation.

Most victims of lynchings were either hanged or shot. But some were castrated, beaten, dismembered, or even burned at the stake. Lynchings were used as an intimidation tool to keep blacks in their places. But eventually, the lynchings and Jim Crow Laws would soon be put to the ultimate test. Initial attacks against the Jim Crow Laws began following World War 2 after black soldiers believed they were entitled to equal treatment due to offering their military services. The first step in ending segregation was the supreme court's ruling in the case Brown vs. Board of Education which overturned the Plessy vs. Ferguson ruling. The second step in ending segregation happened on December 1st, 1955 in Montgomery, Alabama when Rosa Parks refused to give up her seat on a public bus to a white man. She was arrested, fingerprinted, and incarcerated. Park's arrest lead to a 32 month Montgomery bus boycott that eventually lead to a supreme court ruling that declared segregation was illegal on public transportation in November 1956. These rulings marked the beginning of civil rights movements. The most notable one was in Washington D.C. On August 28th, 1963, Martin Luther King gave

Because of the outcome of the Brown case a lot of African Americans took matter into their own hands and wanted to end forms of racial segregation. December 1st, 1955 Rosa Parks, a black seamstress and a NAACP activist denied giving up her seat to a white man. This caused mayhem and sparked a bus boycott due to the fact that Rosa Parks got arrested for not wanting to get up. This was a tactic that the civil rights movement leaders used to stop racial discrimination between blacks and whites in the United States. After more than a year of conflict, the Supreme Court ruled in favor of the complete desegregation of Montgomery buses. (Hewitt and Lawson

“From the Great Railroad Strike of 1877, to the Pullman Strike of 1894, the Lawrence textile strike of 1912, the Ludlow massacre of 1914, the Steel strike of 1919, and the Hanapepe massacre of 1924, the police would brutally beat striking laborers.” (History 1) But ever since the civil rights movement of the mid- 1900s, the police have diverted their attention to African Americans. During the civil rights movement, the police used appalling tactics on the protesters. March 7, 1965 was a day famously known as “Bloody Sunday”. Protesters marched from Selma to Montgomery as a response to the killing of Jimmy Lee Jackson, a protester who was fatally shot by the police on February 17. He was shot in the stomach by Trooper James Fowler during a protest. Six hundred marchers, led by Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. and the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee(SNCC), came together on March 7. They were to cross over the Edmund Pettus bridge, over the Alabama river, but they fell short of that plan. “Just short of the bridge, they found their way blocked by Alabama State troopers and local police who ordered them to turn around. When the protesters refused, the officers shot teargas and waded into the crowd, beating the nonviolent protesters with billy clubs and ultimately hospitalizing over fifty people. “ (Selma 3)“Protesters were rushed by K-9 German Shepherds and had high pressure water hoses used on them”(History). In some cases,

The first march occurred on March 7, a date that is now called “Bloody Sunday” (“Mobile Press article 3/2/75.”). On that day, the police pushed into the crowd and used nightsticks and tear gas (“Alabama Police Use Gas and Clubs to Rout Negroes.”). While this was happening, white spectators cheered as the police attacked the marchers (“Alabama Police Use Gas and Clubs to Rout Negroes.”). All of this violence was captured and shown on television, which made many viewers sympathetic to the marchers and their cause (“Selma

“In 1955, Rosa Parks refused to give up her seat on a city bus to a white man in Montgomery, Alabama. This act of civil disobedience was an important catalyst in the growth of the Civil Rights movement; activists built the Montgomery Bus Boycott around it, which lasted more than a year and desegregated the buses. Civil rights protests and actions, together with legal challenges, resulted in a series of legislative and court decisions which contributed to undermining the Jim Crow

Rosa Parks refused to give up her seat on the bus for a White passenger in December 1, 1955 (History.com). The Montgomery Bus Boycott only ended when the bus companies finally agreed to end the discrimination among colored passengers. This event sparked the nation to proceed with the civil rights movements. After the incident of Rosa Park, there was Martin Luther King Jr. Martin Luther King Jr. is a name that will echo throughout United States history.

A devastating 18 day, 50-mile march took place countless beaten senseless, but it was worth it. The first Selma to Montgomery march 7 1965 bloody Sunday. The march began when a prime leader John Lewis the leader of the SNCC (Student nonviolent coordinating committee) he wanted to try to end segregation as well as bring voting rights to blacks. Nevertheless, that’s not how it went, state troopers were ordered to wait 2 minutes before attacking the marchers, if you haven’t guessed yet that’s not how it went, the state troopers attacked. Ending up in the result of brutality hurting numerous men along with women. Spiting on them clubbing them to the extinct of jail time in are generation, whipped, stomped on by horses, the list goes on and on. That remains known as bloody Sunday. When someone my age (13) thinks about bloody Sunday it’s vague but if you were to ask someone who was there it’s an era of dark memories. This would go on to what will build

“In 1955, Reverend George Lee, vice president of the Regional Council of Negro Leadership and NAACP worker, was shot in the face and killed for urging blacks in the Mississippi Delta to vote” (Austin, “ On Violence and Non-violence”). The perpetrators were never charged for the murder of Lee. With many assassinations of African American liberation leaders and organizers along with the police frame ups and imprisonment of African American protestors had a devastating impact on the struggle against racism and national oppression. In addition to these murders, violence was portrayed in mass arrest, jail beatings, lynching’s, and church bombings (Austin, “On Violence and Non-violence”). African American’s believed it was time to take matters into their own hands. The non-violence approach was not improving anything for them. A lot of the protest resulted in deaths for African Americans. African Americans along with their supporters felt it was necessary to use force in order to advance in their struggle for freedom, equality, and justice.

When entering Central High School, Melba had a difficult time adjusting because of all of the hate aimed towards her from the whites around her. Melba stated, "It's hard being with Little Rock white people. I don't know if I can do this integration thing forever. It feels like this is something people do for only a little while. I want to run away now. I want a happy day.” Although Melba wanted to give up, she had family and friends around her that continuously reminded her of the goal in mind, to bring change and peace by integrating Central. Thanks to Melba and the rest of the of the Little Rock Nine’s bravery, every school in the United States is integrated, accepting students of all races and ethnicities. This change has helped school aged children be exposed to one’s differences such as skin color, eventually leading them to accepting each other’s differences and their characteristics. In order to end segregation in Montgomery, Alabama, the Southern Christian Leadership Conference led a bus boycott. African Americans in the community were encouraged not to ride the buses in the area until their demands were met, fair treatment and integration on the buses. Although Rosa Parks was the one to ignite the movement, Martin Luther King Jr. and his organization were the ones that took initiative to bring the community together to make change. Even though African Americans wanted to give up because they were tired of walking and carpooling to places, they knew they had to do this in in order to improve their treatment in the future. The government in Alabama suffered, considering half of their bus riders were refusing to ride their buses. Without violence, the Southern Christian Leadership Conference was able hurt the government and get better the treatment of those who used public transportation in

highlighting the tensions between police and minority communities (Holmes and Smith, 2008). First, in 1963, police used police dogs and high-powered water hoses against civil rights protestors in Birmingham, Alabama (NAACP, 2005). The usage of such violent and outrageous tactics by the police became the center of national attention that sparked major public outcry. Then, on March 7, 1965, during what is now known as Bloody Sunday, Alabama State Troopers attacked non-violent protestors and civil rights advocates with both tear gas and batons, which led to the hospitalization of over 50 people (Holmes and Smith, 2008). These events were key in signaling that a police reform was once again necessary across law enforcement agencies in the United