Evolution Of Eusociality Is Based Upon A Sterile Caste System

Genetic mutations and the mixing of parental genes in offspring might be random, but the selection of genes through the survival of their hosts is anything but random. Natural selection and evolution is unconscious and cannot look forward to anticipate what changes are going to be needed for survival.

Throughout our experience, we have encountered so many challenges when it comes to gender in the society. Gender is being used as a basis for stratifying people in the society. In this article, the racial caste system that used to exist in the United State is depicted. In that the black women were denied the access to justice because of their status. They were perceived to be people who do not have any right within the society and no one could believed them when they were raped by the white men because all the court judges were white men according to this article. The women were classified to be from poor background and they should remain at a low class in the society.

Mate choice is a product of mate preferences form in the environment of evolutionary adaptiveness (EEA). Sexual selection suggests that females prefer males who they can gain benefits from such as gifts. This is shown in male birds who make nests for females in order to mate with them and also in insects who give nuptial gifts.

1. Compare and contrast directional selection and disruptive selection and provide an example of each.

There is a better chance of the traits being passed on when sexual selection is at

In the process of natural selection, individuals that have certain inherited traits tend to survive and

One thing about natural selection that many people do not understand that natural selection does not increase the odds of survival for a species, but for individuals in that species. This makes sense when someone considers humans. Humans live in many social cultures, where for instance, the odds of survival in a group can be improved by the selection of certain traits that does not improve an individual’s odds of survival. Coyne states, one never sees the type of adaptations that benefit the group to the detriment of an individual (p.122).

This is supported by the fact that there is both a high level of ecological competition and high dispersal rates (Jones, 1980). As mentioned previously, when reaching sexual maturity male and female both generally disperse from their natal groups (Campbell and Di Fiore, 2005). A consequence of this is that most social groups are composed of non-related individuals. There have been few studies done to better understand the reasons for this phenomenon. This phenomenon could be observed for several reasons that are commonly found in other primate species. Dispersal of females is likely due to avoid the harm of inbreeding within the group. Also, the dispersal of males is likely due the search of better mate finding opportunities in other groups. Besides these two more classical theories there is one other theory that might better explain dispersal of both sexes. Glander (1992) proposes that competition against a less related individual for the role of the alpha position would be more favorable than competition between a closely related kin. Unlike the other two hypotheses, this hypothesis has been supported by data that members are more likely to survive when they join a group with no closely related kin. If we followed the inclusive fitness theory we would expect to see that older members of the group would disperse,

An interesting question that scientists and philosophers have studied for hundreds of years is how large groups come together to make a common decision. This process is called social choice. The main aspect about social choice that has been addressed is how multiple choices of individuals in a group become one preference for the entire group. The main groups that have been studied in regard to social choice are human groups, and how we have developed a voting system to choose one outcome over many other alternatives. Humans are not the only group that participates in social choice. This also occurs in different animal groups, but has not been studied as long as social choice in human groups. In particular, the

A possible answer lies in the altruistic behavior on the overall fitness of the family of altruistic individuals. The altruistic member of the family increases the chance that many of its own genes will be passed on to future generations by sacrificing itself for the welfare of its relatives.

The conditions when kin selection is most likely can be explained through Hamilton’s Rule. The key component in Hamilton’s formula is the degree to which the two individuals are related. In the formula this is termed r and is known as the coefficient of relatedness. Kin selection is most likely to evolve in conditions when relatedness is high, the

Social selection is a form of cultural adaption that works by receiving feedback from members of the social group that this culture is involved in and adapting from that (Portin). This can put pressures on individuals to concede to those social demands or they can move from that culture into a culture that would be more accepting of them. An important form of biological adaption is the transfer of genetic information. This occurs in a unidirectional matter from the parental generation to the offspring and only occurs once in each case (Portin). So even if a set of parents have multiple children, each child will be different because different genes will come to each child and they will be their own individual person. Within cultural evolution the passing of information is based on spoken words or written texts (Portin). This includes things such as language, music, and religious text. As opposed to the biological evolution from parent to offspring this process can be repeated at will (Portin). So, while parents may have children of different heights, and sizes, they may all share similar cultural ideas and speak the same

According to the text, kinship may be highly beneficial, but it may also be parasitical at

Another good example is the work load, especially aboard the ship. Being a part of the ship’s crew requires a lot of work. Like when we receive food for the crew, everyone is part of this evolution that is referred to as “stores”. We see that a lot males will carry and lift the heavier boxes, while a lot of females will try to lift only lighter

evolution of the species, what adaptive property it provides that would cause it to be selected