Evolution Of The Mimbres

The Chumash lived along the southern part of California’s warm coastal region. Chumash Indians lived in dome- shaped houses, called aps. Some of the houses could fit up to 70 people. The house was made out of bent willow branches and surf grass. The doorway was covered with a mat of weeds. A fire was usually built in the center of the ap to keep it warm. The ap, therefore, had an opening in the roof to allow smoke from cooking to come out. Each Chumash village usually had houses, a sweat lodge, buildings for storing food, and an area for ceremonies.

There was a belief in a primary spirit that made all life come true. Algonquians called this 'Kitchie Manitou' or the 'Great Spirit'.

The most important of all to the Northwest coast Indian peoples was the Raven. The Pueblo peoples lived in compact, permanent villages and resided in multifamily buildings. The women of a household cared for young children; cultivated spring-irrigated gardens.

The Cahuilla were a Native Southern Californian tribe that occupied the Riverside County, Higher Palomar Mountain Region and East Colorado Desert. The tribe was divided into two groups or moieties know as Wildcats or Coyotes. The Cahuilla lived in small clans that varied in population, and together all the separate clans made up a larger political group called a sib ”http://www.aguacaliente.org/content/History%20&%20Culture/.” The tribe was at first considered to be very simple and savage because they were never interacted with. As the Europeans and Spanish Missionaries considered the desert an inhospitable place that was better to avoid because

One of the most well known figures of the twentieth century pottery world is Maria Martinez. Maria Martinez is a Pueblo Indian part of the San Ildefondo tribe. Pueblo pottery from the American Southwest holds a unique place in ceramic art forms of American art. It is full of age-old tradition and culture handed down form family members and potters of the past. The old Pueblo ways of creating it still hold true today and have not been changed or influenced like so many other styles in modern times.

-The Indian Tribes like the Aztecs and the Incas were very infamous for working the fields, like taking care of corn and crops, which later reached the Southwest first and later on North America. This led to the cultivation of beans and maize in the southwest which inevitably started farming in America.

The Pueblo Indians lived in the area of America that is now named New Mexico. Just like the Wampanoag Indians in Massachusetts, the Pueblo Indians tied spirituality to the land they lived on. Their creation story shows some of the spiritual bonds to their land. “…With the aid of Badger and Locust, the sisters climbed though a hole in the ground and at once created the mountains, lakes, and canyons of Pueblo country” (Sando 22). Since the Pueblos believed that their people had actually

In addition to working, Spanish priests established missions and demanded the Pueblos to abandon their religion and convert to Christianity. Although the Pueblo Indians outnumbered the Spanish, they tolerated these conditions for over 80 years (Weber, 3). By the 1600s, New Mexico became the center for missionary activity. Despite this, the missionary work and farming were all dependent upon Pueblo labor. Approaching 1680, the Pueblo population began to dwindle from 60,000 in the 1600s to 17,000 in 1680. Pueblo towns were separated by hundreds of miles and six languages while also having no central government to bring them together. Up until the revolt, Spanish rewards and punishment kept the Pueblo Indians in line and gave them incentive to obey. In addition, the Spanish also brought new items such as crops, animals, and tools as well as protection. In 1680, secret calendars from messengers planned on rebelling August 11, messengers were intercepted August 9 so the rebellion was moved a day up (Weber, 5). It was estimated around four hundred of New Mexico’s Hispanic and killed twenty-one of the thirty-three Franciscans. This revolt would later be known as “the Great Southwestern Revolt”. In addition to the carnage inflicted upon the Spanish, the rebellion influenced several others across Northern New Spain in the same decade (Weber, 6). It would not be until 12 years later until the Spaniards were able to regroup and reconquer the Pueblos, but the message was still received (Weber,

The Freemont typically lived in small family groups and built pit houses or natural rock shelters. Pit houses are built by digging a round hole several feet into the ground, then using support posts to hold up branches and sagebrush to make up the roof and walls. They were then covered in dirt or mud, leaving a hole in the top to allow for entrance and ventilation. Even though a village could contain a dozen pit houses, they are not as sturdy permanent homes, so it is believed not all houses were utilized at any certain time. However, there are some exceptions, such as the village excavated at Five Finger Ridge where over a hundred of structures were found in what may be the largest Freemont settlement. It is thought that as many as 60 or more people lived at the Five Finger Ridge settlement simultaneously.

“By August 1680, the stage had been set. The movement’s leaders had chose August 12 as the date on which the revolt would take place”(169). The 1680 Pueblo Revolt was the culmination of decades of exploitation and mistreatment of the Pueblo peoples of New Mexico at the hands of their Spanish overlords. The Cortes and Coronados set off on expeditions to New Mexico because of the "gold-laden settlements always rumored to lie just beyond the horizon" (23). Andrew Knaut provides an in depth analysis of the Pueblo culture in his novel as well as the critical events and political legislation that occurred in the time leading up to the revolt.

The Navajo Indians emulated the pueblo. The shed their animal skin clothing for cotton and learned quickly how to farm. These people settled in between the Rio Grande and the Grand Canyon. They herded sheep and grew corn in the valleys. They were a peaceful group of people, and were one with their surroundings.

“The idea was to incorporate a building that could be easily be built and taken down both constructively and economically. Most ideas involved a long, one-story building made of brick. The problem was that it looked far too solid difficult to remove later and it might be even harder to light- not to mention that it probably could not be built in time. Further debates and redrafting delayed the project even further.” (1)

The Incan people were extremely skilled at constructing structures. In Machu Picchu, there were about two hundred buildings which included residences, temples, storage, and other public buildings. They had rectangular floors, steep thatched roofs, and trapezoidal doors. Some of them called masmas had three walls. The buildings either had one or two stories. They did not use any mortar to hold the bricks. Instead, they used cut stones, geometry and joints. Structures were so well built that they withstood earthquakes and many centuries. No other civilization in the ancient world could cut and assemble stone blocks so perfectly.

During the Roman Empire, the original arch was redesigned to be strong and support large structures. In the original arch, various rectangle shaped “bricks” were haphazardly stacked on each other with hopes of at most supporting a small room. However, the redesigned arch used precisely measured polyhedrons and trapezoidal prisms in a specific way to support each other. This developed arch led to the creation of larger builders, aqueducts, and tunnels. Many empires proceeding the Romans adapted this design to fit their specific and different needs, and arches are still used today. Therefore, using basic geometric shapes, the people in the Roman Empire revolutionized the arch forever.

The stone fire pit, used for cooking and warmth, sat in the center of their roundhouse on the slate floor. The house was typical for farms in Pitgorm. A dry-set, four-foot-high, circular stone wall about thirty feet across hid under a conical thatched roof, the eaves nearly touching the ground. A double ring of oak posts supported the rafters, and a circular platform built on the joists