Evolutionary Game Theory ( Egt )

The fifth part of the evolution theory is natural selection. Natural selection is an idea that life doesn’t require creation or guidance from a supernatural being. Natural selection depends only on nature in which the population will adapt to their environment while the one who are unable to adapt will die off. But natural selection cannot provide perfection but can only help the creatures to evolve just enough to be able to survive.

In a large, randomly mating population where mutations, migration, and natural selection are no longer viable, the allele and genotypic frequencies will remain at equilibrium. If any of these conditions are changed, then the allele and genotype frequencies will be unable to maintain genetic equilibrium.

The Prisoner’s Dilemma is an extremely popular game and way of thinking about social interactions and also economics. It judges how people work together and against each other. It helps us understand what governs the balance between cooperation and competition in business, in politics, and in social settings. The two players in the game can choose between two moves, either 'cooperate' or 'defect'. The idea is that each player gains when both cooperate, but if only one of them cooperates, the other one, who defects, will gain more. If both defect, both lose. The whole game situation and its different outcomes can be summarised with the example provided below, hypothetical situations are imagined with the example below

Payoff matrix value change in the above three figures, because it is dependent of the fitness. Hawks had less payoff matrix compared to doves even though they were fitter than doves (fig; 1, and 2). Evolutionary stability was achieved at 10% of benefit of winning, coast of injury, loss, and 5% coast of display. The proportion of hawks to doves was 0.583 to 0.417, and the total difference between hawks and dove’s fitness was 0. For allele with different phenotype to exist in a population with equal fitness their allele’s frequency doesn’t have to be the same. In this experiment (fig.3) by decreasing the coast of injury, loss, and coast of display dove’s fitness was increased when they have to compute with hawks, meanwhile by decreasing the coast

Natural selection, together with the rules of inheritance discovered by Gregor Mendel, stand at the basis of modern evolutionary biology.

“If no such variations exist, the population rapidly goes extinct because it cannot adapt to a changing environment” (O’Neil, 1998-2013). Scientists call this reproductive success. “Within a specific environment context, one genotype will be better than another genotype in survival or reproduction for certain reasons having to do with the way its particular features relate to the environment or relate to other organisms within the population” (Futuyma, 2000-2014). The theory of evolution is explicable through various kinds of scientific research.

Both teams are equally skilled, but they are using different strategies. We can assume that Team A earns 1.4 points on average in this scenario, while Team B earns 1.1 points on average in this scenario. Therefore, given that Team B is waiting until overtime, and Team A is playing to win in regulation, then Team A will earn a payoff of 1.4 points on average, while Team B will earn a payoff of 1.1 points on average. Likewise, given that Team A is waiting until overtime, and Team B is playing to win in regulation, then Team B will earn a payoff of 1.4 points on average, while Team A will earn a payoff of 1.1 points on average. The following matrix summarizes this

It 's just how organisms optimized during evolution. The same principles count for the evolution of behavior. We all want the Nash equilibrium. Charles Darwin did not discover evolution. He had a mechanism how to work it. Chance over time, are the traits in populations. We can build on this in a few easy steps. Traits are heritable (genetic). The variables occur in different ways. Some versions are more adaptable than others. It 's all about reproduction and the amount of copies of your genes you can pass on to the next generation, and when a mutation happens, you can get large chances in a population. This is also the case for behaviors.

The evolutionary theory of the origin of the state is the theory of how the state evolved from a hunter and gatherer society to a large and complex modern state. This theory explains that the state is the result of a slow and steady development of human society from various factors like kinship, force, war, religion and etc. Though each factors are crucial to the development of the state, but individually they are not sufficient to the causation of the state.

INTRODUCTION Darwin emphasized the survival of the fittest and the mechanism for survival is known as evolution. Due to natural selection, species evolve and acquire certain traits to enhance their chance at survival. The smallest unit of life in which evolution can occur in is a population. In the case were there is no evolutionary change, it is known as Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium.

It 's just how organisms optimized during evolution. The same principles count for the evolution of behavior. We all want the Nash equilibrium. Charles Darwin did not discover evolution. He had a mechanism how to work it. Chance over time, are the traits in populations. We can build on this in a few easy steps. Traits are heritable and genetic. The variables occur in different ways. Some versions are more adaptable than others. It 's all about reproduction and the amount of copies of your genes you can pass on to the next generation, and when a mutation happens, you can get large chances in a population. This is also the case for behaviors.

In evolutionary biology mathematics is crucial in order to predict the future using equations and formulas.“Evolutionary biology need mathematics for its progress (Maynard Smith, 1982)”. John Maynard Smith was one of the pioneer scientists that introduced mathematical approach to solve evolutionary problems, using the evolutionary game theoretical. EGT uses frequency of the behavioral phenotypes expressed to predict fitness in the population. Fitness payoff of phenotypes depend on frequency of certain trait, if there is equal fitness then there is evolutionary stability in the population. Evolutionary stable strategy (ESS) is a key to study a phenotype in a population because it cannot mutant during natural selection. The most common game used

Evolution refers to change over time as species modifies and separate to produce several offspring species.

Nash equilibrium is a solution theory of a non-cooperative game which involves two or more

For example in the Prisoner dilemma, ‘confess’ is the optimal choice for both players so it is the Nash equilibrium. Though, the combine payoff for both players to confess is lower than if both players to deny, which shows that t he Nash equilibrium can also be Pareto inefficient in a finite game. If there is some way for them to cooperate through