Evolutionary Genetics

Chinchar, V. G., Metzger, D. W., Granoff, A., & Goorha, R. (1984). Localization of frog virus 3

The new field of Paleomicrobiology has made it possible to analyze ancient infectious diseases that may still be a treat to world’s population. This principle allows the profound study of the once fatal disease: small pox (VARV). It is of the opt most importance that the mechanisms of emergence of this ancient viruses are better understood which can assist in development of new methods for prevention. Research on small pox have shown that this virus has emerged more than once due to evolutionary changes. Thus reconstructing the ancient strain of the virus may aid in the prediction of future re-emergence and avoid the chance of another

HBoV2 can be divided further into two additional strains A and B since there is divergence in their nonstructural gene nucleotide sequence (Jartti et al., 2012). Human bocavirus have been detected in sample retrieved from another part of the body apart from the respiratory tract. HBoVs have been found in stool, serum, saliva, and urine samples. Human bocavirus have been mainly found in stool samples aside from nasopharyngeal samples. Human bocavirus can also be found in river and sewage water. Since HBoV is a non-enveloped virus, it has the ability to possible persist outside the human body. HBoV and other viruses at times slip past the bacteriological standards used to assess the virological quality of potable

Measles virus (MV) has been well established in the world, as the most transmissible viral agent in humankind and it’s considered as the primary cause of death in children globally. The persistent of Measles viral infection throughout the centuries has given the opportunity for scientists to investigate the Morbilivirus genus family where MV belongs. It has been found that every virus belonging to the Morbillivirus family, share a negative-strand linear RNA genome and a spherical envelope that surround the genome. In addition to that, all the virus species belonging to the Morbillivirus genus family, encode for eight proteins that are crucial for the invasion, multicipility and the survival of the virus [1]. This known virus family therefore is consisted of six species: Rinderpest Virus (RV), Phocine Distemper virus (PDV), Cetacean morbilliviruses (ceMV), Peste des Petits Ruminants (PPRV), Canine Distemper Virus (CDV) and Measles Virus (MeV). Apart from their common features however, these species show also to be phylogenetically related as it can be observed from the tree below (Fig 1.) An important observation is how closely MV is related with RPV and how least related is with CDV, showing a possible link between their infecting hosts [17].

In the recent years pathogens, pests, and cancers have shown an increase in resistance or adaptation to control measures; this is mainly because control measures have been used without restraint. Conversely, wild species, crops, livestock, and human beings present a decrease in adaptation to changing environments. Evolution is defined as the change in the genetic composition of an entire population over time. The application of evolutionary biology encloses various manipulations that can slow the undesired evolution of pathogens, pests, and cancers; and increase the performance of other valuable species by decreasing the phenotype environment mismatch and increasing the group productivity. Some common applications of evolutionary biology are: environmental alignment, genome alteration, use of environmental heterogeneity, and focus in increase group performance.

It is very important for people to realize why these deadly viruses keep evolving and reappearing. Deforestation, climatic changes, and road building are just a few of the many man-made changes which can affect the “normal state of things.” “Suddenly, people become exposed to unknown diseases and viruses” (Brownlee 61). It seems that as soon as medical experts cure a virus or clean up an outbreak, another one quickly appears. Legionnaires disease, Lyme’s disease, and hantavirus are just a few examples of often deadly diseases scientists are being forced to fight (Caldwell 16).

There are many reasons as to why couples as in the Asian continent decide to take part in the decision making process of sexual selection. These arguments fluctuate depending on the region where the family is located. In China couples often resort to ultrasounds to reveal the fetus’ gender since in this country is preferable having a son over a daughter in order to prolong the family line and at the same time undergo China’s strict one child policy. Whereas, in India women are often obligated by their husbands and/or their conjugal families to go under an ultrasound in order to acknowledge the fetus’ gender, especially in rural areas where the masculine gender is favored over the feminine

It is broadly acknowledged that mimicry evolves to a positive adaptation within species. For evolutional mimicry to occur, a gene first has to mutate a modifier gene which than develops a supergene providing a wide-range of morphing within diverse species. The single mutation gene has the ability to necessitate the color patterns that can be switched on or off prevalently to enhance or repress the color/pattern expressed by butterflies. This gene activity is completely chemically driven. This process is referred to as evolutionary developmental biology…’Evo Devo’ for short. This discovery explains evolution. Today’s studies of the Monarchs reveal significant findings through the use of bioinformatics, and where it will take us in our

Once endemic in the Iberian Peninsula, ASFV was successfully eradicated from the European Union (EU) at the end of the 1990s after a prolonged 30 year effort. The

The global geographic distribution of arboviruses has received considerable attentions from public health organizations after their rapid emergence in several parts of the world [1,2]. Bluetongue virus (BTV) is one of arboviral disease transmitted to ruminants [3]. BTV is caused by bluetongue virus, a member of the genus Orivirus in the family Reoviridae. The disease is non-contagious vector-borne disease which is transmitted between ruminants by the bites of biting midges of the genus Culicoides [4].

Africa and the rest of the world, there is need to examine whether these strains are arising from the vaccine strains in use and refocus vaccination regimes towards effective, genotype-matched and thermostable live vaccine strains. This requires a careful selection and evaluation of appropriately immunogenic virus molecules for effective vaccination regimes.

In a world of mass diversity, we are surrounded by endless forms of life, most beautiful, most wonderful. In the words of Charles Darwin, “It is not the strongest of the species that survives, nor the most intelligent, but the one most responsive to change”. From all the ends of the Earth, there is a wide spectrum of beings from all the six kingdoms of all living things (Plantae, Animalia, Fungi, Protista, Eubacteria, Archaebacteria) that are the product of millions of years of evolution – “the greatest show on earth” (David Attenborough). The icon of the Arctic, the polar bear is a tribute to the theories of evolution by natural selection that have been created by many scientists, specifically; Charles Darwin, Jean-Baptiste Lamarck, Alfred Russel Wallace, Ernst Haekel and Theodosius Dobzhansky.

The multiplicity of reports of FMDV outbreaks in Egypt identifies a significant breach in disease control and prevention in the country. Despite the presence of a locally developed trivalent vaccine against serotype A, O and SAT2; annual outbreaks are usually associated with animal trafficking throughout the country (Ref). Our data identified two FMDV strains circulating in cattle and buffalo herds in Egypt, 2016. The phylogenetic analyses clustered those strains in serotype O topotype EA-3 and serotype A African topotype of genotype IV. The detected strains circulate mainly in sub-Saharan Africa; however, those topotypes have been previously detected in Egypt, 2013 (http://www.wrlfmd.org/fmd_genotyping/africa/egy.htm).

Reliability of GEBV is a critical criterion in deciding whether GEBV should be used for routine genetic evaluation [29]. SNP effect estimation determines the GEBV, because genotypic data of an animal is known before genomic evaluation. Estimated SNP effects comparisons demonstrated that tunable burn-in Bayesian methods were highly comparable to fixed burn-in settings and sequential setting. It is noted that differences between tunable burn-in Bayesian methods and their fixed burn-in counterparts were not obvious as differences between sequential Bayesian methods and tunable (or fixed) burn-in Bayesian methods, the reason might be that tunable burn-in had equivalent effect to fixed burn-in for determining discarded sampling. While results of parallel Bayesian methods were calculated with average values of multiple chains, and results of sequential Bayesian methods was calculated with a long chain, random sampling effect may be more obvious in a single chain than multiple chains. Similarities among sequential Bayesian methods and multiple chains Bayesian methods were high (>0.95 as shown in Fig 3).

Detection of BKV subtype-specific sequences generally use PCR amplification and subsequent characterization by sequence analysis or restriction enzyme analysis [17, 83]. These are based on the variable regions (e.g. VP1) of the BKV genome or whole genome sequencing, and results assist BKV detection in clinical material, for molecular epidemiological investigations and for studies aimed at understanding pathogenicity associated with viral variation. Oligonucleotide primers complementary to the 5-end of the T antigen and the 5-end of the conserved VP2 region have been used to amplify the BKV NCCR from various