Ewing's Sarcoma Case Study

Osteosarcoma is also called osteogenic sarcoma in medical term (“Osteosarcoma”, n.d.). This cancer usually develops in growing bones. Although it can occur at any age, it‘s most commonly found in teenagers and young adults and is slightly more common in males than females. Any bone in the body can be affected, but the most common sites are the arms or legs, particularly around the knee joint(“Osteosarcoma: An Introduction.”, 2012). This cancer is caused by benign tumors and other bone diseases, radiation exposure, genetic factors, children, adolescents, males more than females.(“Osteosarcoma: An Introduction.”, 2012)

Tests to see if you have other types of tumors in other parts of the body.

In nuclear medicine diagnosing techniques, a very small amount of radioactive material is introduced into the body. Because medical isotopes are attracted to specific organs, bones or tissues, the emissions they produce can provide crucial information about a particular type of cancer or disease. Information gathered during a nuclear medicine technique is more comprehensive than other imaging procedures because it describes organ function, not just structure. The result is that many diseases and cancers can be diagnosed much earlier.

The tumor doesn’t have a specific location of origin; therefore occurring anywhere in the body, most often staring in long bones of the legs, arms, chest, the pelvis, skull or the flat bones of the trunk. It is also common that the tumor often spreads (metastasizes) to the lungs, other bones, bone marrow, and soft tissue, such as cartilages and nerves. It is normally seen that about one-third of the children with Ewing’s sarcoma has spread through the body during the duration of the diagnosis.

Osteosarcoma is an ancient disease that still has some mystery behind it. Osteosarcoma is a type of cancer that starts in the bones. It is also the most common type of bone cancer, and makes up 65% of all bone cancer. However, it is a very rare cancer and has fewer than 20,000 cases per year in The USA. The cells that form an osteosarcoma make bone matrix, similar to osteoblasts. However, the bone matrix of an osteosarcoma is not as strong as a bone matrix from an osteoblast, and therefore is not as strong as normal bones. The most common age group affected by osteosarcoma is children and young adults. However, osteosarcoma can occur at any age. Osteosarcoma is most commonly found in areas of the bone that grow quickly, which is why children are more likely to get this type of cancer. The most common place to find osteosarcoma is the end of long bones, especially in the knee, distal femur, and proximal tibia. The proximal humerus is typically the most common site. The treatments of

Clear Cell Sarcoma is a rare type of cancer that usually affects young adults between the ages of 20 to 40 years old, not to be confused with Clear cell sarcoma in the kidney. Clear cell sarcoma is a genetic mutation, in chromosomal translocation, the two pieces of chromosomes are switched, which results in abnormal fusion of genes. When this happens, the clear cell sarcoma tumor

Physicians can perform tests on DNA, RNA and cell proteins to determine if cancer is present within the body. After an individual discovers a sign that leads them to believe that cancerous cells are present within their body, an assessment of a biopsy is the most accurate and common procedure to determine the presence and type of cancer. A biopsy is a process in which a small sample of body tissue is removed and examined by an expert. These processes of detection lead to the declaration of cancer type and viable treatment plans.

Rhabdomyosarcoma is the most common soft tissue sarcoma in children. It makes up a little more than 3% of childhood

There are hundreds and hundreds of various types of cancer, but the number one thing that cancers all have in common is that they occur when abnormal cells in a part of the body begin to grow uncontrollably. Osteosarcoma or osteogenic sarcoma is a type of cancer that starts by an abnormal growth of cells in the bones. Osteosarcoma is not considered to be a common type of cancer in general; however, it is the most frequently diagnosed bone tumor in adolescents and young adults accounting for nearly 3% of childhood cancers (Childhood Cancer Types/Common Cancers in Children", n.d.). It is important as advanced practice nurse to be aware of this very common condition in children, so that they receive the best care and treatment options available.

Malignant bone tumors have a propensity to spread via the bloodstream to various areas of the body, especially to the lungs and other bones. Annually, approximately 2800 new bone sarcomas are diagnosed in the United States. Unlike soft tissue tumors, malignant bone tumors present most commonly with pain. Therefore, these tumors require serious therapy plans that typically involve some combination of surgery, chemotherapy, and bone reconstruction. Specifically, the treatment of a malignant tumor calls for resection of the main tumor as well as the normal tissue surrounding the cancerous area. Bone sarcomas can come in three types: Osteosarcoma, Ewing sarcoma, and Chondrosarcoma.

The name chondrosarcoma [pronounced “kahn-dro-sahr-cohm-ah”] is a derivative of the Italian prefix “condro-” meaning cartilage, and the Italian noun “sarcoma,” referring to the tumor creation process itself. The suffix, “sarcoma,” has Ancient Greek roots and actually signifies the tumor-growing process [“sarx” + “oma” meaning, “flesh process”]. Chondrosarcoma is a type of malignant tumor (often referred to as a cancer and is closely identified with bone cancer) that can sometimes spread to nearby tissues. Chondrosarcoma usually grows superficially on bone matter and exists in two types: primary and secondary. Primary CS is usually evident in children, while secondary CS is apparent in adults ranging in age from 30 to 70; however, the highest occurrence rate exists from ages 40 to 60. CS cases develop in women and men in a ratio of 150 to 100; this means that men are 33% more susceptible to being diagnosed with this type of cancer than women.

It arises in the bone marrow of long bones causing localized pain and may be accompanied by a tender, soft tissue mass (Eisenberg and Johnson, 2012, p. 125). The most common sites of origination are the pelvis, ribs, femur, and humerus. Sometimes these tumors are deep seated within the bone and may go undiagnosed long enough for the tumor to become very large, resulting in a poorer prognosis for the patient. Those affected the most by ewing’s sarcoma are caucasians who are 20 or younger, with a peak of occurrence in 15 year olds. Although it is a rarity for this type of tumor to develop in older individuals, there has been an increase in the number of adults over 20 being diagnosed with it (Karosas,

Osteosarcoma, which arises from osteoid tissue in the bone. This tumor occurs most often in the knee and upper arm (1).

According to 2008-2012 data, the rate of new cases of bone cancer was 0.9 per 100,000 men and women every year while the rate of deaths was 0.4 per 100,000 men and women every year. Based on 2010-2012 data, only about 0.1 percent of men and women will be diagnosed with bone cancer during their whole life. About 66.7% of people survive 5 Years or more after being diagnosed with bone cancer based on data from 2005-2011. According to a research on risk of bone cancer after childhood cancer, “The percentage of 3-year survivors developing bone cancer within 20 years did not exceed 0.9%, except following heritable retinoblastoma (7.2%), Ewing's sarcoma (5.4%), and other malignant bone tumors (2.4%).”(Michael M. et al,

Sarcomas are malignant tumours that originate from the mesenchymal or connective tissues. Connective tissue is fat, nerve tissue, deep skin tissue, muscles, blood vessels, bones and cartilage. Sarcomas are classified into two main groups; soft tissue sarcomas and bone sarcomas. http://sarcomaalliance.org/what-you-need-to-know/what-is-sarcoma/ Soft tissue tumours originate from the ‘soft’ tissue which includes fat, muscles, blood vessels, nerve tissue and deep skin tissue and excludes bone and cartilage. Soft tissue sarcomas (STS) can be further classified based on the cell type that they resemble. http://sarcomaalliance.org/what-you-need-to-know/what-is-sarcoma/. The STS classification by the World Health Organisation (WHO) covers more than