Examine the Relationship Between Crimes Against Humans and the State

State Crimes are defined as “acts that are largely committed, instigated or condoned by governments and their officials” (International State Crime initiative). These crimes are considered to be very serious crimes in society today, due to the fact that they are either committed or condoned by governmental personnel with the aim of achieving certain goals. Having said that, scholars today do not have the knowledge of how important these crimes are since it violate international and criminal law within that state. Eugene McLaughlin identified four categories of state crime; Political crimes, crimes by security, economic crimes and social and cultural crimes. However, I will focus on the two that are more widely acknowledged Political crime is corruption and censorship, a state has the right to label a behaviour as political crime if it’s seen as a threat to the state. Crime by security has to do with genocide and torture, a great example of crime by security is the Rwanda Genocide that occurred in 1994 which ended up killing 800,000 citizens in just a few weeks. According to Grabosky and Stohl (2010), state crimes can be divided into six main types; State terror against another state, state terror against private interests, State facilitation of another state’s terrorism, state terror against its own citizens, state facilitation of private actors and political terror scale. In this essay, I will be mainly concentrating on the Rwanda Genocide, Libyan civil war of 2011 and

1) There are multiple goal statements (see the highlighted statement in the body of your paper). What is the ultimate goal and thesis statement for this project?

The classical theory of crime was introduced by legal authorities in Europe who believed that criminal behavior or crime itself was a product of supernatural forces. This school of thought basically revolves around evolving from a capital punishment perspective to more humane means of punishing criminals. Therefore, decisions to break the law in classical criminology are evaluated

This result is a paradox between the state as a community tasked with enforcement, and the application of violence against members of the community itself.4 The community itself is tasked both with enacting violence on itself, and receiving it, and as a result, all are essentially “others” to the very community they belong to, potential targets of the process of legal enforcement even as they enact it. This itself is in many ways complicates and detriments the

in, A General Theory of Crime. It described crimes as,” acts of force or fraud undertaken in

There are many kinds of crimes. Crime affects all people, even the ones who are not directly involved. “Crime imposes significant costs and negative consequences to people globally” (Wickramasekera 2015; 218). The costs of crime can be very high, and that is based on every aspect not just monetary. In today’s world, people spend a lot of money to protect themselves from becoming victims of crimes. When a serious crime happens in one community, people in that community will take the necessary precautions that they believe will prevent that crime from happening again. Depending on the severity of the crime, it can also affect people in other communities not only the people in the community where the crime happened. However, many times the

Dr Simon Cottee (2011), for example, took an other approach to translate the terroristic behavior, he described Marc Sageman 's seminal research on Al Qaeda, into one amoung the most famous behavioral theories of crime, Albert Cohen 's theory of delinquent subcultures. (Cottee, 2011)

There are several different types of crimes committed against the elderly. A person is usually defined as elderly when he or she turns sixty-five or retires. The elderly population makes up a significant part of the United States population. Also, the population is expanding as the baby boomer generation began to retire. The baby boomer generation has raised some concern, because it is suspected that the baby boomer generation will be wealthier than in the past. This could lead to an increase in crimes committed against the elderly. Crimes committed against the elderly included property crimes, abuse, neglect, and fraud. The crimes are serious and can lead to finical loss, physical pain, and health problems. It is

In relation to corporate crime, the study of state crime is relatively limited. I believe this is because the lack of international bodies to set the over-arching guidance of what crime is and when it has taken place. In this paper, I will talk about state crimes such as trafficking, genocide, rape, discrimination and victimization. I will also use the authors definition of state crime which defines state crime victims as ‘‘those individuals or groups of individuals who have experienced economic, cultural, or physical harm, pain, exclusion, or exploitation because of tacit or explicit state actions or policies which violate law or generally defined human rights ’’ (Kauzlarich et al., 2002). Many state crimes are conducted via individuals or assigned representatives of the government, such as the head of the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). I will relate a unique case to each of the six principles listed in the “Toward a Victimology of State Crime” article.

This is an analysis of Whittaker's case study whereby the affiliation between counterterrorism and terrorism has been displayed. Some incidents that take place are inclusive of political extremism rather than terrorism itself. This exists as an order of displaying the function official action or specifically overreaction incidents terrorism from above and circuitous, cyclic pattern, which eventually leads to the terrorism. The definition for counterterrorism is the proactive and aggressive in use of resources and personnel to destroy disrupt or pre-empt terrorists together with their support links. Many options exist in counterterrorism, ranging from negotiation to diplomatic overtures, to investigations and intelligent operations, to superiority morally, to freezing and blocking of assets, to operations of militaristic SWAT teams. Conservative wisdom suggests that it is never proper to make good use of the soft options for instance making negotiations with the terrorists, at least when they are continuing with their violent acts, but in many cases this is perceived more of rhetoric rather than reality (Whittaker, 2012).

State terrorism occurs when a county’s own government, within its own borders, oppresses its own people, takes away their personal freedoms and instills fear in those it is supposed to protect (Taylor & Swanson, 2016). Adolph Hitler is a prime example of a leader who committed some of the worst acts of state terrorism known to man, killing millions of men, women, and even children during a dark period known as the Holocaust. According to the United States Department of State (USDOS, 2017) Iran, Sudan, and Syria are currently recognized as the only countries that contribute to state-sponsored terrorism. Simply put, state sponsored terrorism is when a state willingly chooses to sponsor a known terrorist groups within its borders. A state may do this in order to further their political agenda. Taylor & Swanson (2016) describe state-enabled terrorism as when a state allows a terrorist group to use the land within their borders as a safe haven, however, they do not provide any sort of financial assistance and by allowing the group to operate without interference, expect their citizens not to be harmed.

The crime is characterized as an illegal act, which can be punished only by the state. The term usually refers to the crime criminal law, including laws and certain purposes. Of course, the crime is not harmful to people, but only for the society.

There have always been crimes, from a treachery to an assassination. Happens in every country you can think of, and every government has to deal with it. It is really stressful to try to understand the nature of the crimes: why are they done and where could they happen next. Out of this preoccupation is that we found studies gathering data from communities; we focused on one specific crime: murders.

The task of fighting crime is becoming more complex, and therefore more challenging. Criminals are becoming more organised and sophisticated, operating with little regard for national boundaries.

Amongst others is the applicable interpretation of an 'armed attacked ' as espoused by Article 51 of the UN Charter. Furthermore, Kohen has questioned the precondition for necessity and proportionality, under customary law, as a response of self-defence. Most importantly and of relevance to this essay, the customary law of state responsibility, specifically, if a State is liable for the actions of the planning of terrorist activities, within their sovereign territory by non-state actors (nSA). This essay intends to give a theoretical exposition regarding the state responsibility for the conduct of nSA by drawing its analysis from the Nicaragua Case, the Tadic Case and the International Law Commission draft articles on state responsibility. It will then discuss the implications of imputing the conduct of Al Qaeda to the State of Afghanistan (SoA) by the U.S., and whether the U.S. flouted the international law, is so, did it do so with impunity.