Zack Tatum
EXAMING THE KEY DIFFERENCES BETWEEN NATURAL GAS MARKETS IN THREE DISTINCT REGIONS:
NORTH AMERICA, EUROPE AND ASIA
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Introduction Page 3
Asia – Market Maturity Page 3 Asia – Sources of Supply Page 3 Asia – Dependence on Imports Page 4 Europe – Market Maturity Page 4 Europe – Sources of Supply Page 4 Europe – Dependence on Imports Page 4 North America – Market Maturity Page 5 North America – Sources of Supply Page 5 North America – Dependence on Imports Page 5
References Page 7
Introduction
As with many other products and commodities participating in a globalized supply chain, the three dominant market places are located in North America,
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(McRae and Ruppel, 2011) However, recent assessments peg China’s recoverable tight-gas reserves at over 1,200TCF. Due to uniquely challenging reservoir lithology, (Faulkner, 2012) China will require assistance from Independent producers as their E&P technology lags by world standard. (Faulkner, 2012) Even with Shell allocating USD1B per year to Chinese shale gas exploration (Hamilton, 2012), it may take a decade until Chinese shale gas flows to market. Therefore, it’s reasonable to expect Asia will continue importing roughly 40% of its gas (roughly half is from in-region) and may become increasingly dependent on supplies from Central Asia (Kazakhstan), the Middle East and Western Africa. (Mitchell, 2012)
Europe – Market Maturity
Europe contains a well-developed natural gas market which is considered open, although the lack of a uniform natural gas financial and legal framework for European Union (EU) nations is an encumbrance to efficient market operation. The complicated patchwork of cross-border pipelines must also comply with multiple and dissimilar legal and regulatory regimes which add complication to construction and operations. (McRae and Ruppel, 2011) The European market relies heavily on long term contracts with price terms based on a mix of competing fuels, and pipeline access is restricted. This policy was crafted by way of reaction to the 1973 Arab Oil Embargo; it’s inherently inapplicable to today’s market and serves as a hindrance to
Almost 95 million barrels of oil and fuel are produced each day in order to provide energy and fuel to people the world over. A major component of the oil industry is the transportation of oil through various means including oil pipelines. These pipelines are capable of transporting thousands of barrels of oil thousands of miles per day. In the United States one possible pipeline has caused a lot of controversy and discussion on the impact it will have on the United States. The difficulty in deciding if the Keystone XL Pipeline should be built is in whether the possibility of economic growth outweighs the possibility of environmental destruction. In order to make a decision, one must first look into the history of oil pipelines. It is crucial
the development of horizontal drilling and seam fracturing or fracking technology has allowed the exploitation of coal seam and shale gas reserves that previously were difficult if not impossible to tap. At the same time, a combination of factors in Asian energy markets, particularly concerns over energy security, pollution and greenhouse gas emissions, has led to a demand for the sort of long-term contracts that have allowed commitments to be made to build the projects.
In the novel, The Grapes of Wrath by John Steinbeck, Steinbeck uses word choice and imagery to enhance the reader’s understanding of the setting and characters. In word choice, he uses simple words to describe the setting, the restaurant and truck, . He uses imagery to describe the setting and to characterize the “man”. This passage uses simple words to describe the truck and the restaurant, such as, “A huge red transport truck stood in front of the little roadside restaurant.”
Our dependence on foreign oil and natural gas has created a vulnerability affecting our national security and economic stability. Up until this past decade there was an appreciable decline in our oil and natural gas production in the US and we were tied to world market price fluctuations. Oil prices and natural gas prices rose and fell based on OPEC’s and other large oil and natural gas producers’ production and pricing decisions. Beginning in 2005, things began to change in the US oil and natural gas industry. New technology called hydraulic fracturing or “fracking” made it possible to extract oil and natural gas from geological
Natural gases are the most important source of energy in the modern world of technology and electricity production, which makes the skyrocketing gas production in the U.S. due to hydraulic fracturing incredibly valuable in terms of global trade and economy. The United States has always been reliant on the Middle East and other European and Asian countries for energy, but is very quickly becoming energy independent. "By 2020, the Energy Information Administration predicts that the USA will become a net exporter of natural gas", reaching energy independence from other countries and starting to export gas to provide revenue and pay off debts (Hassett and Mathur). Even
Students should be allowed to get paid for playing sports. As we start to think about it, many people are starting to think about how student athletes should get paid. Being a student is like an actual job, because they are required to go film, the weight room, where ever they practice at, and their classes. Since their school sport is ran off of National Collegiate Athletic Association tournaments, they have to stay with that sport for longer periods of time causing that student to miss their class. And since their sport they are playing for is being shown on national television, the school makes a lot of money from it.
Klare argues that discovery of a natural resource, for instance, oil, result in producers seeking and exploiting the most desirable, best quality and those closest to markets. Over time, these “easy” resources become scarce, of poorer quality, harder to extract and extend into areas further away from the market. This subsequent need to extract “tougher” resources has catalyzed an age of discovery that energy experts call the “shale revolution.” Daniel Yergin, an author and energy optimist describes the “natural gas
The debate over fracking cannot simply be limited to the discussion of environmental impact and health concerns. While these subjects are critically important to our future, so is the economic stability of the United States and its energy security that has been a point of major concern for decades. Until recent years, the hydrocarbon industry has been lead by Middle Eastern OPEC nations, and by natural gas production in places like Russia. For the last three consecutive years, the United States has
In this text, I concern myself with the contents of two articles based on recent microeconomics issues. During the last two months, the price of gas in the U.S. has been on an upward trend. Taking into consideration recent happenings on the international scene, this trend could have been triggered by many different factors. The articles I make use of in this case discuss the rising oil and gas prices.
Recent spike in US and Canada shale gas production have reduced the prices in the region to historical minimum of less than $4/MMBtu, a half of the price for Europe and five times less the price for China or Japan. This difference in prices has raised huge interest to export of LNG from USA to Asian market. Out of country’s total 11 LNG
Lynne Kiesling. “ Why Are Gas Prices High and Rising.” 23 Mar 2004. Knowledge Problem. 20 FEB 2013. .
World oil demand is increasing as emerging economies need more energy to increase their living standards. Estimates, shown below, are that by 2030, China and India as emerging markets will import over 70% to 90% of their fossil fuel needs (1) . Coupled to a continued high and growing demand for oil, makes this a robust market for the next 30 years.
Ernest Miller Hemingway was born on July 21, 1889. He raised in the small town of Oak Park in Illinois. His mother was a musician and growing up forced young Ernest to take several hours of music lessons, but he hated it, this caused Hemingway to hate his mother for most of this life. While his father on the other hand, would take him fishing and hunting in Northern Michigan. After High school he became a journalist at The Kansas City Star and discovered his love of writing. When WWI came around he decided he wanted help. Hemingway ended up in Italy as an ambulance driver and was wounded by a mortar after bravery delivering supplies to the men on the front lines. His experience in the war is what inspired him to write A Farewell to Arms. After
For several years now the European Union, the largest regional trading block in the world, has been trying to liberalize its energy market, replacing the markets of its 27 member states with a single continent wide market for electricity and gas. The first phase of liberalization went into effect in June 2007. When fully implemented, the ability of energy producers to sell
Mother Nature gave us natural resources to patronize and natural gas is one of them. Small quantities of ethane, propane, butane and pentane are found in the natural gas composition but it is mostly made up of methane. The high volume of pipeline gas makes it difficult for it to be transported in its gaseous form. This is the reason why the oil industry is dominating because of how easy it can be transported. Pipelines are suitable for transporting pipeline natural gas but constructing the suitable infrastructure is very expensive and not technically feasible for global transportation.1 In addition, for you to be able to make it in the gas industry you need trading partners to buy your natural gas. Having said that, one can deduce that the only way to make a