Examining the Role of the Pathogen Cryptosporidium Parvum

a mild to severe temperature, which may peak at over 40.6°C (105°F) for several days, then fall but go up again when the rash appears,

Bloodborne Pathogens are pathogenic microorganisms that can eventually cause disease. They are found in human blood and other bodily fluids such as synovial fluid, semen, vaginal secretions, cerebrospinal fluid and any other fluid that mixes or has contact with blood. The bloodborne pathogens are pathogenic, which means they are disease causing, and they are also microorganisms, which means that they are very small so the human eye cannot see them.

5. What species is the intended host for the Baylisascaris nematode and what symptoms does it cause in this host?

Bacteria are ubiquitous; they can be found on the skin, in the soil, and inside the body. Because of the very nature of this ubiquity, it is important to be able to determine between different strains of bacteria. An example of this is determining the causative agent for a disease so that the patient will be treated with the appropriate antibiotics. It may be important to determine the bacteria in a certain region, because like with enteric bacteria, it is normal to find them in the digestive tract as they are in a symbiotic relationship with our bodies in this area; however, they also cause opportunistic infections in places outside of the digestive tract to our detriment, such as with a urinary tract infection. Some strains of bacteria are common to nosocomial infections, and identifying these bacteria as such helps create the guidelines for healthcare workers in antiseptic technique. All of the morphology and characteristics of each strain of bacteria help us to better understand the role of bacteria in the body as well as helps us understand how they can cause illness, and what treatment regimen to set in place. In lab this semester, a sample of unknown

This particular bacterium is not one that inhabits a specific geographical region as it colonizes within the human body. The disease is

The purpose of the following study is to determine where the two unknown bacteria acquired in Microbiology lab should be classified in regards to temperature, pH level, and osmoregularity. It is important to classify bacteria in order to identify them. Identification of bacteria is important because they are not only useful but potentially dangerous as well. The identification of bacteria can lead to breakthroughs in healthcare regarding treatment of old and new diseases alike. Identifying bacteria can also be used in many other areas from better crop production through microbial pesticides to biological warfare. Their uses are endless as are their abilities to evolve and adapt to changing environments. That is why it is so important

The pathogen in the NPR story was called Klebsiella pneumoniae, which is a Gram-negative coccobacilli, relatively small, (0.5-0.8/ 1-2um), does not form spores, and is easily fixed. ("Klebsiella Pneumoniae Morphology") This pathogen is arranged either singly or in pairs and clusters, and can be cultivated on ordinary media. On agar media, the bacteria forms grayish-white colonies which

The more spores that are inhaled the more severe the infection symptoms are. If the Spherules are diagnosed in the beginning stage of infection then the infected may have a higher chance of survival for those that have inhaled a large amount. 60% of people infected with Valley Fever will only have symptoms of a slight mild “cold” and most will not seek or need medical attention (Davis, 2014) If the Spherules arrive at the lungs and are able to grow and reproduce and break open multiple amounts of time the infected may show signs of the flu or pneumonia. These symptoms can include cough, fever, headache, chills, sweats, chest pain or discomfort, and exhaustion. (kerncountyvalleyfever, 2015) Other symptoms in this phase can include joint discomfort and stiffness, and possible rash outbreak. These symptoms can last from two to six weeks after infected. Only about 30-35% of people show this advance of symptoms. (Davis, 2014) The other 1-5% are unfortunate that the Spherules spores were able to break away from just attacking the lungs and were able to spread to other parts of the body. With this stage of infection the symptoms are much more severe and can be life threating. Most of the severe cases are caused because the infected does not seek medical attention to receive anti fungal medication that stops the spread and assist the immune system in the control. Symptoms of this are coughing of blood, lesion on the

The organism adheres to the epithelial cells in its host by pilli. This opportunistic pathogen can affect people of all ages and specifically targets patients that have immune deficiencies, debilitating diseases, and infants in the NICU. Patients are at greater risk of contracting the organism if they have recently had a surgery, mechanical ventilation, central venous catheter, arterial catheterization, inhalation medication therapy, tracheal tubes, or have low apgar scores. It can cause a variety of diseases and infections such as urinary tract infections, meningitis, pneumonia, respiratory tract infections, keratoconjunctivitis, osteomyelitis, keratitis, endocarditis, cutaneous infections, and endophthalmitis. (Currey,

A common source outbreak is an outbreak that affects a number of people being exposed to a common pathogen agent or toxin. Back in early 1993 more than 400,000 people were affected with waterborne cryptosporidium infection in the greater Milwaukee area. This massive outbreak was transmitted through the public water supply, caused abdominal cramping, nausea, vomiting, and fever which resulted in watery diarrhoea.

Cryptococcus gattii is a fungus that lives in the soil associated with certain trees and causes the infection C. gattii Cryptococcus’s. In mild climates, the fungus survives in soil and grows in tree bark. Douglas-firs carry the fungus. The fungus occurs in the top 15cm of the soil, on trees, wood chips, mulch, and other natural “reservoirs.” Fungus spores are aerosolized through soil disturbance. (https://www.emlab.com/s/sampling/env-report-03-2012.html) The microscopic fungus C. gattii can infect people after breathing it in from the environment. Cryptococcus’s affects the lungs or the central nervous system; mainly the brain and spinal cord. When the brain is infected they call it cryptococcal meningitis. Both humans and animals can become infected after inhaling airborne, dried yeast cells or spores from the

Trophozoites are the only infective stage of N. fowleri; they have the ability to penetrate the nasal epithelium. This is the phase most likely present in the tap water.

In response to these comments, it was then that the FDA added three additional pathogens to the list of qualifying pathogens: Coccidiodes species, Cryptococcus species, and Helicobacter pylori. Coccidiosis species, Cryptococcus species, and Helicobacter pylori. Coccidiosis is a disease caused by fungi from the genes of Cryptococcus that affect living organisms such as humans and animals. Living organisms usually contract this by inhaling the fungi, thus resulting in lung infection that can travel to the brain causing further harm for the organism. Two individuals were first identified with the fungus between 1894 and 1895. The Cryptococci’s can be found worldwide. The main way that disease is spread is also through inhalation with the particular fungus that happens to be associated with several species of bird, particularly old pigeon waste and bat guano.

The fastest communication of the virus to humans were reported in turkey. Simultaneously, 1.5 million birds were killed to contain the virus. The symptoms of such a disease that the temperature of your body dramatically starts to increase followed by a cough. Then the host (humans) starts to experience a difficulty in breathing and a severe pain in the stomach most of it ends with diarrhea – a disease happens when our digestive system are not able any more to absorb liquids and minerals. A further exposure to the virus can lead to shock, the respiratory system stop working completely, and the other vital organs like liver fail to function normally and eventually death may occur.

     Indirect transmission by the water or foodborne route is one of the most common ways C. parvum is spread. Because of the oocyst’s resistance to chlorination, several outbreaks have been caused by waterborne transmission. In one study (Carpenter et al.), oocysts were removed from the feces of an experimentally infected calf, cleaned of fecal matter, and placed into different amounts of chlorinated water at different temperatures. Although this experiment had been performed before, this was