Example Of A Pico Essay

• Scoring: The inventory uses a 5-point scale of distress (0–4), ranging from “not at all” (0) to “extremely” (4). The DIE yields raw scores and T scores for the Total Score and Primary Dimension scores. Results are hand scored. T scores above 65 on the Total Score and the Primary Dimensions are considered in the “clinical range.”

This instrument was developed by Aaron T. Beck who is a pioneer cognitive therapist. This instrument is commonly called the BDI and was developed in 1961. It was adapted in 1969 and a copyright was obtained in 1979. In developing the instrument Beck used a series of questions which enabled him to adequately measure the strength severity and complexity of depression. There are two versions of BDI, a long version which has 21 questions mostly used to measure specific symptom common with all patient suffering from depression. The shorter version which is composed of seven questions is meant to be used in a primary healthcare setting, with main purpose to evaluate, and monitor changes in of depression.

My Mood Monitor (M3) is a 27 question assessment tool use by healthcare professionals to assess patients with substance use disorders, mood and anxiety disorders, including Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). According to Gaynes et al., (2010) the M-3 demonstrates utility as a valid, efficient, and feasible tool for screening multiple common psychiatric illnesses, including bipolar disorder and PTSD, in primary care. The M3 combines screening tools such as the Patient Health Question (PHQ), Mood Disorder Questionnaire (MDQ), General Anxiety Disorder (GAD), and the Clinician Administered PTSD scale (CAPs) into one tool.

Persons who are depressed have feelings of sadness, loneliness, irritability, worthlessness, hopelessness, agitation, and guilt that may be accompanied by an array of physical symptoms. A diagnosis of major depression requires that symptoms be present for two weeks or longer…Targeted screening in high-risk patients such as those with chronic diseases, pain, unexplained symptoms, stressful home environments, or social isolation, and those who are postnatal or elderly may provide an alternative approach to identifying patients with depression”

I believe to design a study in which my pico question can be addressed is very easy to perform. I performed a data based search using the terms central line, dressing change and risk of infection. The data based showed more than hundred results of study focusing on the topic of infection control in patient with central line.

Mental disorders can be diagnosed in infancy, childhood, or adolescence. Major depression is a lost of interest or pleasure in all activities. People with major depression experience symptoms such as a change of appetite, restlessness sleep, decreased energy, feeling of worthlessness, difficulty concentrating, and/or suicidal thoughts. A major depressive episode can lasts for about 2 weeks or more. A major depressive episode can be caused by stress, social anxiety, or other reasons. People with a milder depression are able to function and seem normal (DSM-IV-TR). A major depressive disorder affects about 14.8 million adults in America with 6.7 million at age 18 and older in the United States population. A depressive disorder can develop in any age and more likely to occur more often in women than in men and any person who is going through a hard time can develop depression. A treatment for individuals with depression is medication, psychotherapy, or attending social groups, 80 percent of the people who follow up with these treatments begin to show improvement with in four to six weeks. About 50 percent of the patients that take medicine to “cure” the depression are unsuccessful with the treatment, because they stop taking their meds due to the side effects, but the people who are in the support

Phase V: Logs of all activity, related documents, meetings, project bids for the quantitative data analysis for its demographic approach. Furthermore, the recovery in the evaluation team, they will look into the damage peace, the internal perspective of a clinician practitioner, and a psychological expert. (HHS, 2014)

In 1978 the fırst multi-site mental health epidemiologic study in the U.S. reported that more than 50% of community respondents with depressive disorders were treated exclusively within the primary care system. As a result, primary care was labeled the “de facto mental health system” for Americans with the more prevalent but less severe mental health disorders. Subsequent re- search over the next decade found that only 25% to 50% of patients with depressive disorders were accurately diagnosed by primary care physicians. Moreover, among those accurately diagnosed only 50% received minimally adequate pharmacologic treatment, and less than 10% received a minimally adequate number of psychotherapy visits.

According to Smarr (2003), the instrument was validated using college students, adult and adolescent psychiatric outpatients (Smarr, 2003). Today, the BDI-II is widely used for those patients as well as normal populations. According to Wang & Gorenstein (2013), the BDI-II can be easily adapted in most clinical settings for detecting major depression and recommending a suitable intervention (Wang & Gorenstein, 2013). Thus, in health care settings the BDI-II has been BDI-II has been expanding in practice in the pathologically ill to assess depressive states that occur at high prevalence (Wang & Gorenstein, 2013).

I would use the Beck Depression Inventory – II (BDI-II) to measure for symptoms of depression of an affective, cognitive, behavioral, or psychological nature

This problem have improved but it is still a problem caused by the DSM. DSM-IV TR also does not consider patients subjective experience of a disorder. That is, the approach is not a dimensional approach as there is no first-person report but rather, observations are usually carried out which may neglect the more somatic and psychological processes that underlie the symptoms (Flanagan, Davidson & Strauss, 2007).3 Also, DSM causes most clinicians to be primarily concerned with the signs and symptoms of a disorder rather than the underlying cause by giving a list of certain criteria for diagnosis.

Moreover, BPRS is an instrument for measurement of personal affective symptoms including positive and negative symptoms, especially used for psychotic disorders and schizophrenia. The significant meaning of BRPS can evaluate the improvement of treatment from comparing the recent score to the last score (CMHSR measures collection). In addition, BPRS has recognized to value distinctly in terms of documenting the treatment efficacy for patients with moderate severe disease (CMHSR measures collection).

Instrument One: Zung, WW (1965). Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale. RCMAR Measurment Tools. Retrieved February 12, 2012 from HYPERLINK "http://healthnet.umassmed.edu/mhealth/ZungSelfRatedDepressionScale.pdf"http://healthnet.umassmed.edu/mhealth/ZungSelfRatedDepressionScale.pdf

Notwithstanding that, other appraisal tool can be utilized to assess the care of K and it recuperation handle. For instance, the Beck depression inventory (BDI,) (Beck et al, 1961) is as often as possible utilized for measuring depression however as indicated by NICE Guidance (2005) it is not proper for young people as the reading level and reaction configuration may not be appropriate for them. NICE prescribe The Mood and Feelings Questionnaire (MFQ) (Angold et al, 1995) which has great demonstrative and predictive validity for young people. The Reynolds Adolescent Depression Scale (RADS) planned by Reynolds (1987), has been recorded reliability and validity. These evaluations must be repeated at consistent interims of one to four weeks for the data to be precise, (NICE, 2005).

The Beck Depression Inventory is a self-administered test, administered in a group setting or individually, that measures the severity of depression symptoms and attitudes of depression (pg 1 of manual). The revised Beck Depression Inventory was specifically designed to assess the severity of depression in clinically diagnosed patients. However, the revised Beck Depression Inventory was not specifically developed to be used as a screening instrument in normal populations or to reflect any specific theory of depression. Although the BDI is oftentimes used for screening in normal populations, it should be used with caution because high BDI scores do not necessarily indicated depression. This provides an indication of the level of intensity a patient’s depression is for the past week including the day of administration for clinicians.