Cognitive reading theory
When you read, you may think you are decoding a message that a writer has encoded into a text. Error in reading comprehension, in this model, would occur if you as a reader were not decoding the message correctly, or if the writer was not encoding the message accurately or clearly. The writer, however, would have the responsibility of getting the message into the text, and the reader would assume a passive role.
According to this view:
1. Reading has a Model
2. Reading is an Active, Constructive, and Meaning-Making Process
3. Reading is Multi-Level
4. Reading is Hypothesis Based
5. Reading is strategic
a. Reading has a model
Let’s look at a more recent and widely accepted model of reading that is based on cognitive psychology and schema
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Often the basic setting is real, but the characters are fictional.
• Folk Tales, Tall Tales, and Fairy Tales
Folk tales are stories with no known creator. They were originally passed down from one generation to another by word of mouth. The authors on folk tale books today are retelling these stories. Although, folk tales are sometimes based on real historical figures, there are fictional elements to the story. Tall tales are generally folk tales in which the main character is bigger than life in some way
Examples would be Paul Bunyan, Mike Fink, Swamp Angel, etc. Fairy tales were often created to teach children behaviour in an entertaining way. Folk tales, tall tales, and fairy tales are found in most libraries in the non-fiction section with a Dewey decimal classification of 398. Some libraries place picture book versions of folk tales in the easy book section.
• Myths
Myths are stories that usually explain something about the world and involve gods and other supernatural beings. Although, myths are fictional stories, in most libraries they are found in the non-fiction section of the library in the
A myth is described as a traditional or legendary story. Common types of myths, Shakespearian, Biblical, and Folk/ Fairy tale.
To start off, myths are stories that have been passed throughout many centuries, and are very popular in the world. A myth is a traditional story explaining some natural or social phenomenon usually involving supernatural beings or events. These legends can go from being almost identical to varying so much from each other. Although stories "Bladur" and "The Spirit Bride" seem awfully alike, there are many contrasting things.
An important variable in a student’s reading ability is their knowledge and use of various reading strategies such as inferring, questioning and evaluating (Paris, Wasik, & Turner, 1991). Initially Dana should work specifically on monitoring/clarifying while she reads, she seems to understand when something doesn’t make sense and she should be taught how to fix her reading when it doesn’t such as backing up to re-read, cross checking and checking for
A myth is a story explaining a natural event typically involving supernatural beings or events. One type of myth is a creation myth, a creation myth is a fanciful story explaining how the world began and how the first people came to live here. Two examples of creation myths include
Effective comprehension of the reader and writer will occur if both authors and readers use similar interpretive methods and belong to the same discourse community. Scholars state that good readers use complex processes interactively and simultaneously in order to enhance comprehension (Stanovich, 1991). This interaction among processes is very influential in teaching reading skills for ESP. In other words, successful readers activate their schemata of the topic and use textual information to make sense of the new information (Stanovich, 1991; Jalififar & Shooshtari, 2011).
When people think of myths they usually think of the Greek or the roman but there are many more cultures with myths but they usually all relate to the same things. Myths are the traditional story, especially one concerning the early history of a culture (NA“ Myths”). One of the most popular myths is the Greek story of Hercules the strongest mortal alive. Did you know that the native American tribe Blackfoot used myths too? Yes, they did many native American tribes used myths too ,but they are more likely to be called a fable or a folktale. There is a tale of a Crow Brings the Daylight which is related to the Greeks story when Apollo son of Zeus rides a gold chariot over the sky and carries the sun. Then there is the Chinese which is called
Fairy tales is the term also used to describe something adored with unusual happiness, like “fairy tale ending” a happing ending or “fairy tale romance”, though not all fairy tale as a happy ending. A fairy tales is a type of short story that consistently features European folkloric fantasy characters, such as dwarves, elves, fairies, giants, gnomes, goblins, mermaids, trolls, or witches, and usually magic or enchantments. Fairy Tale Fairy tales may be acclaimed from other folk narratives such as legends which generally involves belief in the veracity of the events described and explicitly moral tales, including beast fables. Fairy Tale." Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 11 June 2014. Web. 13 Nov. 2014. According to Arthur Schlesinger, classical tales “tells children what they unconsciously know-that human nature is not innately good, that conflict is real, that life is harsh before it is happy-and thereby reassure them about their own fears and their own sense of self” (229). Fairy tales, according to the British illustrator Arthur Rackman have become “part of our everyday thought and expression, and help to shape our lives” (229). Fairy tales are mostly used in any story that is not only true, but could not possibly be true. Maria Tatar the author of numerous articles on fairy tales and also ten scholarly books wrote that “fairy tales are up close and personal, telling us about the quest of romance and riches, for power and privilege, and, and most important, for a way
The Simple View of Reading (SVoR) model suggests that children must have language comprehension and word recognition skills to be proficient readers, Medwell et al (2014). Jim Rose’s report (2006, p. 40) outlined the Simple View of Reading as a useful framework, which would make explicit to teachers what they need to teach about word recognition and language comprehension (see appendix 1). Before the Rose report, reading was defined as decoding black marks, Graham and Kelly (2012). After this the searchlights model suggested that phonics, grammatical knowledge, reading comprehension and graphic knowledge are equally useful tools when learning to read, Ward (2008). The Rose report’s Independent Review of the Teaching of Early reading reconstructed this model and created the SVoR. Rose (2006, p. 38) determines word recognition as a process which allows you to use “phonics to recognise words” and language comprehension as the means by which “word information, sentences and discourse are interpreted.” The SVoR suggests that, to become a fluent reader, the skills of language comprehension and word recognition are equally important and dependent on each other. Gough and Tummer first mentioned this model, as stated that “comprehension is not sufficient, for decoding is also necessary” Wyse et al (2013, p.
A myth is a symbolic way of expressing truths and beliefs that are accepted by society. Myths, which are reading literature that is imaginative, teach truths that may not always have a basis for historical fact. Myths, which communicate ideas in story form, are creative stories that explain and teach religious truths of sin and consequence.
What are myths? Are they beliefs of something that happen in the past? Are they a reality? Or are myths just theories? Well myths are stories that can take place in the present, past, or future that involves significance.
Stories Explained Introduction Myths, fairy tales, folk tales, legends and fables - we all grew up hearing various wonderfully descriptive stories from each of the above listed categories. We might not have known that there are different categories for the stories we heard, maybe you thought, just like me, that a story was just a story: something to entertain and captivate you on a rainy day or a trigger to ensure vastly creative dreams as it is read moments before you fall asleep. Each of the stories that you have heard belongs to a specific category. Myths and legends are both based on historical events, but neither of them is true since the events went undocumented and no proof was found to substantiate the claims. In a myth the story
"A myth is a collective term denoting a symbolic narrative in religion, as distinguished from symbolic behavior (cult, ritual) and symbolic places or objects (temples, icons)". (The New Encyclopedia Britannica. Vol. 24)Mythology is a collection of myths meant to explain the universe. Mythological stories were told in many different cultures and civilizations. The existence of myths is known in every society. Many different myths were conceived to explain occurrences that happened in nature.
Reading: Locates, understands, and interprets written information in prose and documents--including manuals, graphs, and schedules--to perform tasks; learns from text by determining the main idea or essential message; identifies relevant details, facts and specifications; infers or locates the meaning of unknown or technical vocabulary; and judges the accuracy, appropriateness, style, and plausibility of reports, proposals, or theories of other writers.( 134 USDOL)
Halloween. A holiday of spooky, scary, skeletons and a bunch of memes. It’s basically a holiday where you can go outside in cosplay and get free candy for it, provided that you aren’t busy to the point where you go home at about 6:00 PM and have to last-minute cancel your plans because of homework. (I’m still salty about that.) Regardless, Halloween has made its way to be one of my most favourite holidays. Now, I know what you may be thinking. “But Joyce! What about Christmas? It was literally about a month ago!” And, yes, while I do enjoy Christmas, Halloween is a holiday more after my heart.
“Whoever spares the rod hates their children. But the one who loves their children is careful to discipline them” (Proverbs 13:24). A good amount of parents in America would gasp in shock at such a statement and call it border line child abuse to use corporal punishment on a child. Across the states parents are split on this issues, “ Is it better to discipline your child by spanking or a different mellow approach, like telling the child no and expressing disappointment in a soft tone voice?” We will examine which style of parenting produces a well rounded child.