Examples Of Exosomal Mirna As Cancer Biomarker

Aim 2: To identify the proteins in the exosome of the metastatic cancer cells. The exosome or the secretory vesicle fraction will be concentrated from the extracellular media of metastatic, non-metastatic cancer cell and compare with the control cells. SILAC labelled proteomic analysis will be performed in the isolated exosomes to identify the proteins that are specific in metastatic cells.

Medsaic developed new platform technology, now known as DotScanTM, which is a solid-phase cell-capture assay using an antibody mircoarray to immunophenotype cancer cells[2], as well as

Vesicles are spherical aggregates composed by amphiphilic compounds where the lipid bilayer surrounds an aqueous void volume, which can be “loaded” with almost any variety of water soluble marker molecules. Therefore, the vesicles may contain both lipophilic and water-soluble substances. Phospholipids form vesicles being also the fundamental matrix of natural membranes and represent the environment in which many proteins and enzymes display their activity [1, 2]. Moreover, phospholipids present advantages over synthetic materials including lack of toxicity, biodegradability and biocompatibility. Consequently, vesicles are utilized as versatile carriers in the fields of medical, therapeutic and analytical applications [1-4]. Several strategies

Ovarian cancer is one of the most common types of cancer among women. It is considered to be one of the most common types of cancer of the female reproductive system. According to McGuire and Markman (2003), “despite advances in treatment over the last 40 years, ovarian cancer is the second most commonly diagnosed gynaecological malignancy, and causes more deaths than any other cancer of the reproductive system” (p. 4).

In about a third of primary ovarian tumour, EEF1A2 is raised in copy number, and whilst EEF1A2 mRNA is not measurable in normal ovarian epithelium, the rate of EEF1A2 mRNA is increased in a third of ovarian tumours. It appears here that EEF1A2 is an important ovarian cancer oncogene (Lee, 2003). Moreover, when the eEF1A2 expression is induced in human ovarian cell line, the eEF1A2 expressing cell line is more tumorigenic; this proves that eEF1A2 promotes malignancy in ovarian cells (Anand et al., 2002). EEF1A2 is also an oncogene in lung adenocarcinoma (Li et al., 2006). And in a high proportion of pancreatic carcinoma, eEF1A2 is up-regulated while it is just a little bit expressed in normal pancreas (Cao et al., 2009). EEF1A2 over-expression seems to enhance cell growth, proliferation, motility, survival and invasion of pancreatic cancer cells (Cao et al., 2009). In two third of breast cancer, EEF1A2 is over-expressed, which indicates that eEF1A2 might be an oncoprotein (Tomlinson et al., 2005). But interestingly, it has been shown that eEF1A2 also augurs

The nucleocapsied released into the cytoplasm due to the acidification of the endosome (Moradpour et al., 2007).

Multiple studies have examined relative expression of DICER and DROSHA, two key RNAse III molecules critical for microRNA synthesis, in EOC compared to control tissues. Choice of control tissue for comparison is critical for relative expression studies. Each histotype of ovarian cancer may arise from distinct precursor cells (2). For example, high-grade serous EOC may arise from the fallopian tube or ovarian surface epithelium (11-13). Endometrioid and clear-cell EOC may arise from a benign transformation of endometriosis (14, 15). For these reasons, we will define histotype and control tissues used for each study.

The present study utilized 29 tumor tissue and 29 matched normal tissue as controls for RNA analysis. Tissues were divided into three parts. The first part was collected in sample collection tubes containing 3 ml of RNA later (RNA stabilization reagent, Sigma, USA). The second part was collected in normal saline for protein analysis. The third major remaining part of the entire specimen was collected in 10% formalin for histopathological confirmation and evaluation for surgical margin clearance. The samples were then transported to the laboratory on gel ice pack and stored appropriately for further analysis.

Therefore, it is worthy to notice such special expression difference of miR-193a-5p in lung cancer. The reasons causing such inverse peripheral blood and tissue miR-193a-5p expression remain unclear yet. It still needs additional larger samples studies to validate and provide exact explanation. Still, peripheral blood and tissue miR-193a-5p could provide a certain reference value for clinical lung cancer diagnosis.

Remove antigens from RBC surface followed by derivation of RBC membrane vesicles and characterize the RBC-membrane-derived vesicles. Specifically, we will: a) Remove the blood group defining antigen using a-galactosidase and 1-N-acetylgalactosaminidase derived enzyme and characterize using immunofluorescence,

The plate was then read for absorbance at 540nm using the microplate reader. The neutral red assay was chosen because it assesses the lysosomal integrity of cells. As the integrity of the lysosome in cells is dependent upon a very wide range of healthy internal machinery, as opposed to a single or a few individual pathways, it provides a good overview of general cellular health as deficient systems inside the cell are likely to impact on the cells ability to retain the neutralred stain [19] .

A Microbiology department deals with micro-organisms. These microorganisms are too small and they can only be seen by microscopes. A micro-organism is smaller than a red blood cell and they are the oldest form of life on earth.

We are proposing that fungi pathogen in maize might induce the expression of small RNAs. We are hoping to analyze the quantity of small RNA when maize is infected by Sporisorium reiliana. By analysing the differential expression of diverse small RNA, we can identify some of the small RNA that putative to function as maize fungi defense machanism. We are also looking forward to identify novel microRNAs during maize responvie to Sporisorium reiliana. The identification of novel microRNAs not only help us with better understanding of the role of maize small RNA during association with fungi, it also enriches the maize

In time past, work relating to this project has been done. This Chapter aims at reviewing such works, compare research studies and provide a work base for this project. Cancer diagnosis is presently undergoing a paradigm shift with the integration of molecular biomarkers as part of a routine diagnostic panel. The molecular shift ranges from those comprising of the DNA, RNA, microRNAs (miRNAs) and proteins. The miRNAs were newly discovered as a small non-coding endogenous single-stranded RNAs that critically controls the development, invasion and metastasis of cancers [13]. MiRNAs are different with cancers; they are seen to have the potential to function as diagnostic markers for cancer. Also, the deregulating of the activities of miRNAs offers a novel cancer therapeutic approach that provides high throughput techniques for the identification of changed cellular molecules [13]. The application of miRNAs to a change of body specimens from blood to tissues has been beneficial and is valued in the clinical environment. Generally, the novel cancer diagnostic tools have extended their application as prognostic risk factors that are also targeted as a personalized medicine to individuals.

Recently there is research being done to work on catching cancer way into the earliest stage. Detecting cancer in the earliest stage gives the person a much higher rate of survival and the answer to this possibility is nanoscience. For most diseases exosomes, extracellular vesicles that are released from cells upon fusion, can be a clear indicator that a person may have a disease. Exosomes are prevalent throughout the bodily fluids, ranging all the way from the blood to the urine and saliva. The problem today is that there is no automated system to rapidly sort the important exosome biomarkers. Joshua Smith announced at his Ted Talk “We 've created a technology that we call nano-DLD that is capable of precisely this: automated exosome isolation to aid rapid cancer diagnostics. Exosomes are the newest early-warning weapon, if you will, to emerge on the liquid biopsy front.” Cells communicate through the production and absorption of exosomes, which have protein 's, surface receptors, other genetic material. When exosomes reciprocate on to another cell it can be good or bad. The bad is where cancer comes into play. In order to detect cancer early, you have to frequently check for cancer, but unfortunately it 's hard to check often. “We 've come up with a different approach for achieving automated exosome isolation from a sample such as urine. We use a chip-based, continuous flow separation