Exercise Physiology : The Eccentric Contraction

Smooth muscle is one of three muscle fiber types found in animals. Unlike skeletal and cardiac muscle cells, smooth muscle cells are not striated, and have single nuclei. Smooth muscles are typically under control of the autonomic nervous system, and do not contract voluntarily. Smooth muscle contracts slowly,

types of muscle tissues : skeletal, cardiac, smooth. Each of these different tissues has the ability

Smooth muscle contraction occurs when calcium is present in the smooth muscle cell and binds onto calmodulin to activate myosin light chain kinase (Wilson et al., 2002). Phosphorylation of myosin light chains result in myosin ATPase activity thus cross-bridge cycling occurs causing the muscle to contract (Horowitz et al., 1996). There are two known models of excitation and contraction in smooth muscle, electromechanical coupling (EMC) and pharmomechanical coupling

There are three main types of muscle tissue in the body: Skeletal muscle, smooth muscle and cardiac muscle. Firstly, skeletal muscle has a stripped appearance when it is examined under a microscope so it is sometimes known as striated/stripped muscle. Skeletal muscle is voluntary and this means that it is under conscious control. Secondly, there is smooth muscle which is an involuntary muscle that operates without any conscious control. This muscle is controlled by the nervous system. Smooth muscle can be found in the blood vessels and the walls of the digestive system and it helps to control digestion and blood pressure. Lastly, there is cardiac muscle which is located in in the wall of the heart. Cardiac muscle is involuntary and this means that it is not under conscious control. This is made up of a specialised type of tissue which is striated and it has its own blood supply. The contractions aid the pumping of blood through the blood vessels

These muscle tissue cells specialised to contract and move parts of the body. It is also capable of responding to stimuli. There are three types of muscle in the body such as: skeletal, cardiac and smooth. Each muscle is created of muscle fibers that are capable of contracting and returning back to original state-relaxation. Contraction causes movement of the skeleton, soft tissue, blood or specific material. Skeletal muscle is attached to the bones of the skeleton. Some facial muscles are attached to the skin. They have direct control over them through nervous impulses from our brain sending messages to the muscle. Contractions can vary to produce fast, powerful movements. These muscles also have the ability to stretch and contract to return to original shape. Cardiac muscles are found in the chambers of the heart such as the atria and ventricles. It is under the control of the automatic nervous system; however, even without nervous input contractions can occur. It is completely different to all the other muscles. Smooth muscles are also known as involuntary due to our inability to control its movement. This muscle is usually found in the walls of hollow organs

Introduction: According to the “Human Physiology Laboratory Manual “,BIOL 282 ,page 31 , the reason of performing this experiment is to learn how the muscle contraction occurs based on the molecular level and what kind of factors are involved .As a matter of fact, skeletal muscles contain a lot of nuclei because of the cell fusion while being developed and are made of cylindrical cells that have myofibrils. The myofibrils contain sarcomeres and the

There are three types of muscle; skeletal (also known as striated), smooth, and cardiac. Skeletal muscles move the bones, cardiac muscle is found in the heart, and smooth muscles line the organs and blood vessels . Although different in function, the basic structure of each type is similar . The experiment for this investigation was conducted using skeletal muscle, as it is common and easy to access when fresh. Meats that were bought from the butcher were used as they are skeletal muscle.

10. two of the main types of muscle tissue correspond with muscles that are involuntary, they are cardiac muscle, which includes the heart. Smooth muscle, which is also involuntary, and includes the stomach, intestines, uterus, urethra, bladder, and blood vessels. The Skeletal muscles are voluntary, they’re attached to the bone and are used to affect skeletal movement.

Martini, F. H., Nath, J. L., and Bartholomew, E. F. “Muscle Tissue.” Anatomy & Physiology. 9th

2. In strength training and rehabilitation, emphasis should be given to both the concentric and eccentric phases of the movement. During the concentric phase, the muscle shortens from a lengthened position and during the eccentric phase the muscle lengthens from a shortened position. For example, in the execution of the

In Chapter one of our text, Introduction to Kinesiology the Science of Human Physical Activity by Stephan Wallace. We are introduced to three major types of movement, Sportive movement, symbolic movement, and supportive movement. At the basis of all three movements they are very similar although they highlight different attributes of an athlete or a person living an everyday lifestyle.

Millions of people hit the gym in the United States each year to tone their bodies. A major problem area for many people is their thighs. Toned thighs is seen as a sign of a healthy and muscular body of individuals concerned with body image. You can use an elliptical to tone your thighs without adding a significant amount of muscle.

Kinesiology likewise perceives that there are streams of vitality inside of the body that relate to the muscles as well as to each tissue and organ that go to make the body a living, feeling being.

The three types of Muscle Tissue are Smooth Muscle – organ walls and blood vessel walls, involuntary, spindle-shaped cells for pushing things through organs, Skeletal Muscle, and Cardiac Muscle. Cardiac muscle is so named because it is found in the heart. Cells are joined to one another by intercalated discs, which allow the synchronization of the heartbeat. Skeletal muscle, which is attached to bones by tendons, is controlled by the peripheral nervous system and associated with the body's voluntary

Both of these muscles expand and contract as they have complex structures so it is essential how they do this. The cardiac muscle needs the contractions to occur in order to pump blood out of the atria and into the ventricles and round the circulatory system so the structure of this muscle shows the systole of the heart. The contractions of the skeletal muscle also depend on its structure. The binding and releasing of two strands of sarcomere is how the repeated pattern of contractions occurs. ATP is used to prepare myosin for binding to allow the contractions to happen. The skeletal and cardiac muscle also both has elasticity. The elasticity is used to restore the muscles back to their original lengths which enable them to resume back to their original length once they have contracted and been stretched.