Exercise Training : Aerobic Exercise

Oxygen debt in the muscles is reached when oxygen levels are much lower than required during strenuous physical activity, causing lactate fermentation to occur in the cells leading to muscle fatigue. The results found in the experiment were the number of squeezes in the first trial for the dominant and non-dominant hands were significantly higher than the remaining ones. The results also showed as the trials continued, the number of muscle contractions decreased steadily which supported the hypothesis. However, there were some increased numbers for the dominant hand from trial 4 to 5 and trial 9 to 10. The non-dominant hand expressed similar unexpected results from trial 6 to 7 and trial 9 and 10. The reasons for these results might be due to the finger muscles being worked at the high intensity for a long period of time causing the muscles to consume higher amounts of oxygen thus producing more ATP production. This would cause the muscles to create more contractions towards the end of the trials. The unexpected results could also be caused by experimental errors such as faulty clothespins. The springs connecting the two ends of the clothespin was tight causing the number of contractions as the trials progressed having a more significant decrease. This is because the amount of energy required to open and close the clothespin would be higher, causing the lactate threshold to occur quicker. Due to this, the number of squeezes would decrease drastically as the trials progressed, in contrast to if the springs were normal. This would change the results by the difference between the trials not being evident therefore, not demonstrating the effects of muscle fatigue. Another factor that altered this experiment was the participant’s condition, Palmar Hyperhidrosis –excessive sweating on the palms – which

The Wingate Anaerobic Test is used to evaluate anaerobic cycling performance. This study was undertaken to determine whether there is a relationship between peak power and fatigue index for endurance (n=9) vs power (n=4) athletes. A total of 13 subjects, including 8 males and 5 females, were included in the study. The subjects were divided into sporting types, such as endurance and power. Data collected from the Wingate test included peak power (W), mean power (W), time to peak (S), minimum power (W) and fatigue index (%). When the peak power and fatigue index were considered together for endurance athletes, a significant relationship

Muscular endurance is being able to work a muscle or muscle group for a long period of time at less than maximum effort, (Amezdrox, G. Dickens, S, Hosford, G. and Davis, D. 2012). Muscular endurance was tested by completing a sit up and push up test. My rating for the sit up test were super and for the push up test my rating was excellent, (see appendix 1). These tests were chosen instead of others because if you have a strong core whilst playing touch football, it is seen that you can perform better and this is what these tests work on, (Touch Football Australia, 2013).

According to the results, the time of prior exercise and the average number of cycles after the exercise were inversely proportional. The time of prior exercise assumed to be approximately proportional to the amount of exercise. Also, the number of cycles presumed to be inversely proportional to muscle fatigue. This is because greater muscle fatigue would prevent faster rate of muscle contraction, this would result in performing a lower number of cycles during a given period. Hence, based on the graph, it was inferred that the amount of previous exercise and muscle fatigue would have a positive linear relationship. This implies that as the amount of previous exercise increased the macule fatigue increased accordingly.

The body has many amazing systems within it. The muscular system is on of the systems that is the most intriguing. Type I, Type IIa, and Type IIb comprise the muscular fiber types within the human body. Type I or Slow-twitch fibers contain mitochondria. These mitochondria use the oxygen that is taken in to create adenosine triphosphate (ATP). ATP fuels muscle contraction. Type I fiber is considered to be aerobic due to the use of oxygen. The slow-twitch muscle fibers are also known as red fibers. This alias is due to the dark red appearance cause by the amount of myoglobin within the fiber. Slow-twitch fibers are the first within the body to be activated due to having a lower activation threshold. They create their own energy source which allows these fibers to sustain force for a longer period of time. The negative aspect is they are unable to create a large amount of force. If the fibers are unable to generate the amount of force that is needed then the fast-twitch fibers will be activated.

Muscle fatigue is an exercise-induced reduction in the maximal force capacity of a muscle (Hunter 2004). In general, muscle fatigue causes a decline in muscle performance and contractibility. The purpose of this experiment was to determine just how much muscle fatigue affects muscle performance. We hypothesized that if the number of muscle contractions a person did increased then their reaction time would increase, and their skill task performance would diminish. To test this hypothesis a reaction time test and a skill task test were performed by each person in the group before inducing muscle fatigue.

For many sports with congested fixtures recovery between games is very important to ensure players are at their best for the matches. An example of a period where this is particularly true is the Christmas period with football with most teams facing a high number of games in a short period, sometimes only 2 days between games. Without proper recovery modalities players, can suffer from delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS) and from a study by Cheung, Hume & Maxwell (2003) it was found that DOMS reduces athletic performance due to the muscle soreness and the damage done to the muscle and caused a decrease in strength and power, with a greater effect on strength and power during eccentric contractions. A study by Byrne, Twist and Eston (2004) discussed the muscle damage caused by high force eccentric exercise. They found that the stretch-shortening cycle(SSC) what occurs during a drop jump, causes muscle damage in the muscle and therefore contributes to DOMS and is similar to the damage done by running.

These can range from lifting very heavy weights, to intricate tasks such as playing a piano, to pumping blood non-stop for a lifetime. To accommodate such wide variation, muscles have high plasticity and can adapt to changing activity levels and environments. For example, endurance exercise increases the oxidative capacity and makes muscle more fatigue resistant while disuse leads to muscle atrophy [1]. The pathways underlying these changes and muscle plasticity are therefore of great interest.

1.) In the article by Duchateau, Semmler & Enoka, they explained the importance of the behavior of single motor units that follow training. The Motor Unit is a vital part in both strength training and skill training. The motor unit is comprised of a motor neuron in the spinal cord, its axon and all of the fibers that innervates. Motor unit’s main function is to transform synaptic input that is received by the motor neuron. On average, 300 muscle fibers are innovated, however, the range can extend far beyond that median number. Muscle fibers have many varieties that are affected through levels of fatigue, force and contraction speed. The most important is the size of the motor neuron. The influence of the size creates

Resistance training until failure was first introduced during World War II as a way to speed up injury rehabilitation of soldiers. (Sampson, 2015, p. 1) Several studies have suggested repeating an exercise to the point where neuromuscular system can no longer produce adequate force to overcome a specific workload. Training to failure acutely causes motor damage but in turn causes increased motor unit recruitment, elevates mechanical stress. (Cardoso De Souza, 2013, p. 2) Metabolic by products (H+, Lactate, Pi, Cr, K+) accumulate inside and outside of the muscle fibers during fatigue. (Folland, 2002, p. 1) Recent studies suggest that metabolic accumulation during high resistance training to failure can have a positive muscle neuromuscular adaptations

Each subject was performed several Maximum Voluntary Contraction (MVC) tests in order to determine the maximum muscle activity of the investigated muscles. During each MVC test, the subject was asked to against a specific muscle resistance maximally. In addition to maximally exertion, they were asked to do this test slowly to avoid the jerk which can induce

This article is about the typical time when sports scientists start to struggle with manipulating the training load. It is widely recognized that appropriate periodization of training is fundamental for optimal performance in sports. Now days, it has been very difficult to quantify the training loads in team sports players due to the difficulty in measuring the various types of stress encountered during training and competition.

Subjects began the warm-up stage where, Each subject was then given a 3 to 5 minute warm-up period on a Monark4 which involved low to moderate intense pedaling at about 60- 70 revolutions per minute which included two to five all-out sprints pedaling for four to six seconds. After the warm up period, was the recovery interval which occurred between two to five minutes used to maintain the subjects muscle temperature and blood flow to help decrease any possible fatigue that may have occurred. After was the acceleration period that was composed of two stages. Within the first stage the subject had to pedal for five to ten seconds at sixty to seventy revolutions per minute. Followed by the second stage, the subject had increased the revolutions per minute as the tester loaded the required force. The Wingate Test duration was then performed for thirty seconds of all out cycling against 7.5% body mass, with the goal of acquiring the most number of revolutions in each five-second interval. Lastly, the cool-down was performed right after the Wingate Test for two to three minutes pedaling of low to moderate

Alternating work and recovery periods during intense exercise also allow depleted ATP and PC stores to be replenished, along with oxygen myoglobin stores. Long interval protocols allow alactic energy systems to reuse energy via the glycolytic energy system, reducing the need to utilise energy. However, as this energy system is involved blood lactate and lactic acid are increased resulting in higher levels of muscle fatigue (Seiler, Joranson, Olesen & Heltelid, 2013). In addition, for optimal training stimulus high intensities for prolonged periods of time, and or long intervals cannot be sustained without implementing recovery periods (Rønnestad, Hansen, Vegge, Tønnessen & Slettaløkken, 2015). Short interval protocols allow the athlete to achieve

Humans have two distinct types of muscle, type I and type II. Type I is considered slow, oxidative, and is used more commonly for endurance activities. Type II is considered fast, glycolytic and even oxidative, but it is used more for sprint-related activities. In addition, phosphorylase, lactic dehydrogenase (LDH), and succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) are skeletal muscle enzymes along with myosin ATP, NADII2, tetrazolium reducatse, and alpha-gycerophosphate dehydrogenase help determine the muscle types based on these measurements.