Exodus And Necklacement : Reflections In Literature : Exodus And Displacement

Disputes over land seem to be a catalyst for almost every hostility and war since the dawn of time. The addition of politics and religion into the matter only serves to aggravate an already tense situation. Kashmir knows this all too well. The conflict between Hindus and Muslims seems to be an ever reoccurring battle. This is also evidenced in population battles. Hindus make up the social majority of the population of India by almost eighty percent. Feelings of tension and uneasiness are a natural reaction to being dominated by a majority and are a problem unto itself.

‘The Dog of Titwal’ written by Saadat Hasan Manto talks about he Kashmir conflict that started after India and Pakistan got independence. The conflict started on 22nd October, 1947 and is still going on. In this story, the nature is described in a way that it gives an imagery of peaceful hills of this disputed area of Kashmir but is a dark area because of ongoing conflicts between India and Pakistan over Kashmir. It is often said that Kashmir looks like paradise but ironically the most violent and gruesome activities take place in this place that looks like paradise. The war, mostly in the form of

Afzal’s death further infuriated the Kashmiri people. Yet again not only were curfews put in place by the police, but violators executed. At this point, the Kasmiri people have been subjected to 20 years of military occupation. Strides had been made – in 2014 India was going to give Kashmir and Jammu back some of their rights by allowing elections. Executing Afzal Guru seemed to reverse all of their efforts.

This essay will focus on the decolonisation of India by the British Empire and the problems they encountered. It will also aim to bring recognition to the struggle decolonisation brought upon the world after World War II. Pierce states that “after the War concluded, a worldwide process of decolonisation commenced in which Britain granted independence to all of its major colonies, beginning notably in India” (Pierce, 2009). India had struggled with uprisings and conflicts for the many years of British occupation but when Gandhi began sharing his social efforts; the perceptions of colonialism began to change leading to the collapse of the British colonial Empire. Gandhi began changing the lives of regular Indian’s with his popular visions, he also advocated for the people of India in a non-violent

The partition of India in 1948 led to one of the largest mass migration movements in the world. The successful attainment of independence from colonial rule is also a narrative of religious nationalism, displacement and communal violence between the two nation states of India and Pakistan or more definitively the Muslims and Hindus. In Urvashi Butalia’s (2000, pp.264-300) “The Other Side of Silence” the oral testimony of Maya Rani, a Punjabi woman who was a child living in Pakistan during the Partition is particularly important to the histiography surrounding the event as it is told from a different perspective by a person not

Kashmir is conflict territory after the partition of India and Pakistan. Conflict is not only between India and Pakistan but also India and the religious militants. Religious Militants are conducting a jihad to govern by the religious law. Historically, Kashmir included Sufis Muslim not orthodox Muslim. Numerous international events had influenced in the growth of Islamic fundamentalism in Kashmir. Jihad is not originally from Kashmir but they are foreign militancy bought during the end of the Soviet –Afghanistan War. Additionally, they are trained in Afghanistan and Pakistan. Pakistan Inter service Intelligence helped them to incorporate into organized militant groups. Pakistan helped Jihad group with full moral,

Indians gentry are mainly migrated to different countries like U.S.A, canada ,Australia, Africa and so on. In our English literature authors targeted these countries to make the prominent themes in their works and these themes comes under only one heading ' 'writings of the Disapora ' '. V.S Naipaul, Salman Rushdie, Bharti Mukherjee,

It took nearly three decades of nationalist struggle for India to finally break free from the British and gain their independence. The novel, “The Partition of India” written by Ian Talbot and Gurharpal Singh go into great detail about the partition. In this book they say, “The final period of colonial rule in India from 1945 onwards was dominated by one consideration: the manner and the timing of the British departure.” Upon the British departure of India struck a series of violent acts that began with the Great Calcutta Killing in 1946, which was a day of widespread manslaughter in the city of Calcutta in the Bengal province of

To Rani, ‘people dying here, others dying there’ (cited in Butalia, 2000, p.268) was something that happened every day, it was no surprise to her. Thus, Rani’s cynical view about the future of India and Pakistan was conceivably drawn from memories of witnessing horrendous fights and strife throughout her whole life (cited in Butalia, 2000, p.268).

Salman Rushdie’s Midnight’s Children invites readers to dive into the recent history of modern and postcolonial India. The story is told by the narrator and protagonist, Saleem Sinai, who can be seen as an allegory for India. Born at midnight 15 August 1947, when India gained its independence from the British rule, Saleem believes that he is ‘‘handcuffed to history’’(Rushdie, 6). ‘From Saleems perspective, what happens to him, happens to the country’(Rubinson, 33). Rushdie, in this way, uses a mix of fantasy and realism to connect Saleems destiny to the destiny of the country. The mix is best described as the genre magical realism: ‘Magical realism is a combination of realism

Pakistan, ever since its inception, has been proclaiming a right on the territory of Kashmir. Indeed Jinnah argued that “the new nation would be incomplete without Kashmir…and the ‘K’ in Pakistan stood for Kashmir,” While we hear Pakistan’s commitment to help the poor Kashmirs,

This article was written to show the persecutions of Ahmadis, a minority in Pakistan. The writer in the beginning expresses that Ahmadis were a party, which were a contributing factor in the struggle for Pakistan and later on, how they were saved from religious extremism by the governments of that time. Then, he goes on to explain torturous times for the Ahmadis and with the passage of time how things changed for them and how they were labeled as non-Muslims by an amendment in the constitution in 1974. Going ahead, he lays emphasis on the violence faced by them (Ahmadis) due to religious intolerance in the country. In the end, he shows his uneasiness when he talks about the “extermination” (last paragraph) of Ahmadis if the above situation remains in the society.

After 1947, Pakistan felt that Pakistan is deprived because Kashmir has a majority of Muslim people and they have a right to choose their future

With Indo-Pak relations straining from worse to worst, the 1988 novel, The Shadow Lines, of Amitav Ghosh gets more relevance as its major focus is on the partition inflicted psyches. A nation draws boundary to separate its people from other nations. But, in the case of India and Pakistan the borders are not strong enough to separate people who are the progenies of the same culture and history. How can one divide a nation which has a common past, culture, history and heritage? In fact the makers of the sensational news about the violence on the borders consciously forget the truth that one cannot divide the memories of the people and in turn tries to foster in them hatred for the people across the border. The novel helps us think of a free

This article describes the part played by Hindus of Kashmir in awakening the masses through literary and artistic transformations. Kashmiri Pandits by dint of their knowledge perceived English education and comes in interface with European scholars led to ushering historical attainments and