Exogenous Kisspeptin Varies

Various experiments and measurements were performed in the field in order to compare the two types of rodents. The following is a list of the data collected through multiple observations over a span of two years. We captured 100 rats of each rodent population, and we found the average weight, length, hind limb, and forelimb measurements. In addition, we conducted experiments in regards to their top speed, average height that they could leap, gestation time, and average time spent in the courtship display.

For my experiment and to test my hypothesis I shall use rats as my test subjects. In the control group there will be 10 male rats. They are all 6 months old, same species of rats, approximately same height and weight. In the experimental group there will be another

Another importance of animal testing is this testing makes large contribution in toxicity; a study of harmful effects of chemical substance on living organisms besides finding cure for human diseases (The MSPCA–Angell, 2013). In fact, Daston, Procter and Gamble made a clarification in their article of Alternatives in Reproductive Toxicity: A Way Forward, that animal tests are being relied on for the prediction of potential harm of chemicals which may affect human reproductive system. This is because, as some animals and human have identical characteristics in complex body system, animal tests that is conducted for evaluating toxicity of reproductive are designed to apply on the complete reproductive cycle. Those three authors also added that animal testing become a medium for good prediction of toxicity as animal body systems are as complex as human’s. Rather than testing the chemical substances on human which is used for predicting potential harmful effects on body system, animal testing is the most appropriate and safest medium to save human lives.

Wild type and diabetic (ob/ob and db/db) mice were treated with leptin in the drinking water (10 mg/kg for 4 weeks). Using this regiment, briefly describe the effects on food intake, body weight and blood glucose.

The gonads are the male and female reproductive organs, the testes (males) and ovaries (females). The testes and ovaries produce androgens (testosterone) and estrogens, these hormones affect aggressiveness, mood, and sexual interest and behavior. Higher levels of these hormones have been shown to promote aggressiveness in both sexes (Morris and Maisto, 2002).

Learning Objective 2: 18.6.2 Describe the location, histology, hormones, and functions of the anterior and posterior pituitary.

The ability to compare and relate from animal models shows us that the reproductive physiology can provide us with the knowledge to understand and question theories that are left unanswered (Davis et al. 2010).

O B J E C T I V E S 1. To define the following terms: metabolism, hormone replacement therapy, type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes, and glucose standard curve. 2. To explain the role of thyroxine in maintaining an animal’s metabolic rate. 3. To explain the effects of thyroid-stimulating hormone on an animal’s metabolic rate. 4. To understand how estrogen affects bone density. 5. To explain how hormone replacement therapy works. 6. To explain how fasting plasma glucose is used to diagnose diabetes. 7. To understand how levels of cortisol and ACTH can be used to diagnose endocrine diseases.

This complex organ can be found in upper right side of the abdomen. It is unique because it is a dual functioning organ. The first function is to control the body’s blood sugar level. The second function is to secrete insulin and glucagon. Lastly, I studied the testes of the fetal pig, which I found at the end of the scrotum under the skin. The teste are a key part in the process of secreting testosterone. After completing this section I began to dissect the last system of the pig.

Analysis on faecal matter showed that turgescence of baboon ano-genital swellings links to the follicular phase of the ovarian cycle, while deturgescence links to the luteal phase, leading to the conclusion that the swellings are under the influence of hormonal control in primates (Gillmann and Gilbert, 1946). This suggests that the role of sexual swellings is to visually indicate the onset of ovulation to male non-human primates. It is observed that swellings indeed attract males independently of olfactory or behavioural cues (Bielert 1982; Saayman 1970) suggesting evolution of this attraction to larger swellings occurred due to the reproductive success associated with it. Males that are able to recognise swellings, discriminate between them and to mate with the female when hers are largest, would have higher chances to sire an infant, resulting in high selection pressure on males to react to swelling state.

Female hamsters have teats on either side of the abdomen with 2 holes close together; the lower hole is the anus while the other is the female sexual opening. Male hamsters on the other hand have 2 holes’ father apart; the lower hole is the anus and the other is the male sexual organ. Males also will have testicles below the anus.

The hormonal differences in males and females include levels of oxytocin, estrogen, progesterone, testosterone, and vasopressin. Oxytocin is more functionally present in females, which assists them with bonding and maintaining relationships. The level of female hormones, estrogen and

Twenty-Three experts contributed to this, focusing more on specific endocrinology. Written for, and by, scholarly medical experts.

Gaalema performed the experiment “Sexual Conditioning in the Dyeing Poison Dart Frog” to increase the rate of reproduction among these endangered frogs. 38 dart frogs including 19 males and 19 females were put into pairs and separated into three different groups (Gaalema 8). The three groups included a control group that received no conditioning, an experimental group that received an active control conditioning, and another experimental group that received experimental conditioning (Gaalema 8). In the experimental condition, a green LED light would flash for approximately 90 second intervals followed by a 120 second interval of interaction between the opposite sex paired frogs (Gaalema 9). The LED lights were used as a conditional stimulus and the presentation of the opposite sex frog was used as an unconditional stimulus (Gaalema 9).

This development perspective is based in large component on the fact that humans are mammals. Male and female mammals differ enormously in energetic investment in generating offspring. Female mammals produce not only eggs but also a body which fetal growth takes place. After birth, they are required to produce milk and care for their offspring until the age of weaning. Males are required to produce sperm at the time of fertilization, and that is all. Following investment, “which can take the form if provisioning a pregnant or lactating female or providing food for the young, is not required, and in many species, including most primate species, males do not directly participate or invest in rearing young” ((Standford, John, & Anton, 2013, p.