Experiment to Determine if Physical Activity Will Increase in Pulse Rate and Blood Pressure

Effect of Exercise on Arterial Pressure and Vascular Resistance Abbie DeBerg Ms. Brantley May 30, 2012

William Harvey was born in 1578 in Folkenstone, England. Like many young scholars at the time, he went to Kings College, graduated, and then enrolled at Italy’s famous medical school, University of Padua. As he graduated with high honors, Harvey also accumulated mixed experiences and knowledge coming from his predecessors and colleagues. Among such, the teachings of Claudius Galen regarding the heart’s circulation proved most profound and vague to Harvey. According to Galen, “A natural spirit promoting growth and nutrition was added in the liver and carried throughout the body by the veins” (Silverman 245). Galen suggested that all pulmonary artery and veins were centered on the liver. His hypothetical assumption resulted in a flawed belief about the

Harvey was the first scientists to accurately lay out and describe the functions of the human circulatory system. In 1593, at the age of 21 Harvey attended the University of Padua in Italy. His teacher Hieronymus Fabricius and him had become good friends and he had taught Harvey to use the method of dissection to better understand the human body. He had learned about the arteries and veins in the circulatory system and the valves within the veins. Harveys discovery dates back all the way to the thirteenth century when the respiratory system was described by Ibn al-Nafis. Harvey was well interested in the vascular system he decided to write a book containing his work called ‘Exercitatio Anatomica de Motu Cordis et Sanguinis in Animalibus’ ( Latin for "An Anatomical Exercise on the Motion of the Heart and Blood in Living Beings") or more commonly known as “ De Motu Cordis” which was later published in 1628 in Frankfurt (Famous Scientists). In 1553, a spanish theologian and physician named Michael Servetus believed that the blood would travel from the heart and then into the lungs, where it combines with air and then circulates back to the heart. Harvey realized that the muscle contractions

Harvey left a long lasting legacy to the medical world. Without his discoveries we would not know some of the things we know today. His discoveries were crucial to some of the theories to come later . His work could also be called vital because of his hypotheses, experiments, and conclusions. These all led to the discovery of modern physiology .Using experiments in animals such as the snake, he demonstrated that the blood passed from the veins to the right side of the heart (the right ventricle), that the supposed pores in the septum of the heart did not exist, and that the right ventricle propelled the blood into the lungs(Harvey, William paragraph 4). It then returned to the left side of the heart. Harvey 's discovery was perhaps natural that so novel and original a discovery that it would naturally generate controversy. On the continent, Leyden was the first university to accept Harvey 's conclusions; in many other schools, particularly in Paris, it was a further half century before Harvey 's work was fully appreciated. So important was his work, however, that by the beginning of the eighteenth century the great Dutch teacher of medicine in Leyden, Hermann Boerhaave, stated that nothing that had been written before Harvey was any longer worthy of consideration.

The pulse examination of the human artery has been practiced in assessing health since the history of Traditional Chinese Medicine in the 6th century BC [13]. Pulse palpation is an important part of the vascular physical examination. The pulse can be palpated in any place that allows an artery to be compressed against a bone, such as carotid artery at the neck, brachial artery on the inside of the elbow, radial artery at the wrist and femoral artery at the

After a patient presents to a veterinary hospital with an actual or potential cardiovascular condition, it is important that the treating technician knows and understand the different monitoring parameters they will need to evaluate. There are many different things a technician will need to evaluate. Some of these include the following: heart rate, respiration, ECG, and blood pressure. Blood pressure is one of the important monitoring tools that a technician has available to them to use when they are taking care of a cardiovascular patient. A technician needs understand what the different readings mean so they can respond appropriately. In addition, a technician needs to know the correct procedure for taking a reading and how and where to use the equipment.

This document is about how exercise affects the heart rate; the hypothesis of this practical was the more a person does exercise the more the heart rate will increase. To proof this hypothesis, heart rate of a person at a resting point was measured and then the person was asked to conduct exercise for some minutes and the heart rate was measured. Two different exercises were performed to get the best results.

In 162 AD, Claudius Galen; a Greek physician and philosopher, suggested his theory of the circulatory system. He was the first physician in history to provide a proper understanding of how the blood forms, and how blood vessels and the heart function. Galen’s theory was left unquestionable until the fifteenth century. He was also very popular within the western medical thought as he was their main influence for more than a millennium. (1)

The pulsatile component of blood pressure has received notable awareness as an important hazard for cardiovascular disease. To anticipate the cardio vascular events central blood pressure measurement plays an important role. If the blood vessel are of high compliance or low stiffness, the pressure exerted on the walls of blood vessel or arteries during the systole is the lowest. But due to wave reflection, the blood pressure in the upper limb does not provide the central blood pressure. Therefore, modern researchers are deeply interested to find a noninvasive method of measuring central blood pressure and the aortic stiffness.

Harvey was the first to use quantitative analysis to prove that the liver does not produce the blood. He estimated that about half an ounce is pumped out of the heart with each contraction. He took this amount and multiplied it by the number of heartbeats that occurred within half an hour, he realized that the amount exceeds the amount that could be supplied from the food that was within the veins and arteries. This disproved Galens teachings that ingested food was transformed into blood by the liver and a natural spirit that promoted nutrition was added into the liver and carried throughout the body by the veins.

Prior to the procedure it is important to ensure that the patient is relaxed and rested for at least five minute as their physiological condition can result in inaccurate blood pressure measurements. The patient’s back and feet must be supported firmly and the legs must not be crossed. The upper arm is kept at heart level whereas the lower arm is passively supported. The Procedure should be carried out in a quite setting and there must be no communication during the whole procedure.

Arterial lines (A-lines) are a monitoring device inserted into arterial vascular system that is used to assess blood pressure. A transducer in the device is used to translate the arterial pressure into electrical impulses (Kaur, 2006). It secures the most accurate and precise measurements on a continuous basis by obtaining intra-arterial pressure. These factors, over the manual and non-invasive blood pressure cuffs, makes the A-line advantageous particularly in patients that are receiving vasodilator/vasoactive infusion therapies. The tubing leading the patient also has a specialized port for ready access to arterial blood samples.

BECOMING FAMILIAR WITH SOUNDS AND MEASUREMENTS OF BLOOD PRESSURE ON VARIOUS BODY PARTS Lab group: Makayla Herring, Sydney Olson, Daniella Locke, Peyton Overstreet Blood pressure is made by the ventricles contracting and pushing blood into the arteries. When the blood is pushed from the heart to the arteries there is an increase in pressure and then the pressure declines until the heart contracts again. Systolic pressure is the highest pressure which occurs immediately after the ventricle contracts. Diastolic pressure is the lowest pressure which occurs immediately before the ventricle contracts. Blood pressure is presented as systolic/ diastolic and the normal blood pressure should be less than 120/80. Vasoconstriction is the contraction of smooth muscular wall decreasing the vessel diameter. Vasodilation is the widening of blood vessels caused by the relaxation of the smooth muscular wall. Ischemia is the interrupted blood flow to a particular area. Korotkoff are sounds, the first tapping sound is the systolic and the cessations of sounds is the diastolic. We hypothesized (a) the blood pressure in the lower leg will vary when standing versus lying, and (b) blood pressure will vary in different body parts. In exercise 1, we did not use the powerlab, but we placed the cuff on the upper arm inflated it to about 180 mmHg 

A blood pressure meter, commonly known as the sphygmomanometer is a device that is used to measure the blood pressure in people. Typically, it is comprised of a cuff that is inflatable that collapses and releases the artery and a mercury manometer that measures the pressure. It was invented by Samuel Siegfried Karl Ritter Von Basch in 1881, but Scipione Riva-Rocci created a more easily used device, that was later popularized by Harvey Cushing in surgery in the United States.

A large abundance of the heart had been studied throughout ancient history that helped aid the basic understanding of cardiology. The original discoveries that correlated with the functions of the heart were founded by scientist William Harvey. “Harvey was a