Experimental Theory, State Of The Art, And Economics

As detailed in Pavia 's Organic Laboratory techniques the reaction is expected to proceed via the following reaction:

I started with elemental copper metal and then reactions occur step by step as follows:

In the future, this experiment could improved or expanded. One area of improvement could be to do this experiment several times and then averaged together or compare the results. This leaves less room for error and could make the data more accurate and precise.

Conservation of Mass and Energy are the hallmarks of our natural world, and as we progress as a civilization there is an ever increasing need to satisfy our growing demand for energy. This leads to the present need for more innovative solutions that are able to solve the world 's energy needs within the confines of the natural laws we live with. The Earth 's petrochemical reserves represent a finite amount of available, extractable, energy that mankind is able to harvest. In order to continue meeting the need for our civilization to thrive, or at the least, maintain, itself; we have to continue, as chemical engineers, providing new and novel ways to support the world with ways to implement Mass and Energy transportation. The main issue at hand is that newer, sustainable, energy is needed.

There is a never ending search for an effective source of energy that is both efficient and the safest option to use. Scientists located in japan may have found a solution to this dilemma as they were recently able to locate methane clathrate, more commonly known as fire ice. Despite the name existing as an oxymoron, many believe this hydrate could prove to be the savior for the earth’s fuel problems. However, given current research this supposedly useful source of natural gas could prove even more detrimental towards the environment than carbon dioxide.

These HFCs do not break down therefore adding to the impending global warming issue. The new innovation made by 3m sparked great interest in teams to try and reduce their impact on the global warming issue. The statement by the company was “Novec 1230 fluid is not only a highly effective fire extinguishant, but also has a very short (5-day) atmospheric lifetime and a global warming potential of 1 – about the same as naturally-occurring carbon dioxide. Moreover, it offers the widest margin of human safety of any chemical clean agent, CO2 or inert gas mixture. (Follow the Leader). The Novec 1230 fluid is the company's newly designed fluid to help put fires out. Each car has a fire extinguishers but also track crews in case of a fire. This new fluid has a very short lifetime which is 5 days. It is a big step forward from traditional extinguishers. It is only as bad as carbon dioxide found in nature. The company also released a statement saying “Traditional halon and hydrofluorocarbon (HFC) clean agents have high global warming potentials and pose significant long-term sustainability issues” (Follow the leader). The original fluid used had a combination of the elements hydrogen, fluorine, and carbon which in turn made a very harmful clean agent. The combination of these three created a rough situation. This included a harmful effect on the impending global warming

The graph of the results above are not necessarily reliable as there had been a number of uncontrollable variables. Those uncontrollable variables were body sweat, If this experiment was conducted with a larger sample space (eg. Different people doing these experiments multiple times), then there would be more data to compare with as there will be more similarities and differences. The rate of breathing could have been more reliable if the breathing rate was somehow measured while the exercise was happening to make the results more

The methane production rates of this experiment present similar results with the previous experiment with Ni. Methane produced was depending on the substrate used. Methanol, which is slowly consumed in the cultures, results in a steady increase in methane production (Figure 12). On the contrary, acetate, that was consumed rapidly, made a quick increase in methane production on early days of incubation (Figure 13). Also, on cultures using H2, there was also a lag phase before methane was produced significantly (Figure 14. A).

This modification is similar to a standard Wittig reaction in that the first step, which has already been done for you, is the reaction of a trialkyl phosphite with a suitable alkyl halide as shown below in two steps:

One of the key principles in empirical science is distinguishing whether incoming novel theories are actually scientific or non-scientific. This is referred to as the problem of demarcation. Many different ideas have been proposed in response to this problem in order to demarcate theories and amongst some of the most well-known ones are those of Rudolph Carnap and Karl Popper. Carnap proposes that theories be declared scientific based on whether they can be tested, at least in principle, and labels this his verification criteria. Popper’s method is based on whether a theory has empirical content which is the set of all possible excluded events proposed by a theory. The question is, is it possible to agree with both of these criteria? This

EPR paper and later more eloquently describe by David Bohm. In the paper by Bohm, he shows how one could conceive of an experiment to mirror the conceptual situation put forth in the EPR paper, by examining the dissociation of a diatomic molecule whose total spin angular momentum is zero. For example, the hydrogen molecule into two hydrogen atoms. In the experiment, the hydrogen atoms would separate after interaction, in different free directions. It is here that an experimenter would measure the spin components whose values are anti-correlated after dissociation. If we define our axis of measuring as the one at right angles to the particles flight, then we can have a consistent measurement. If the measure of hydrogen atom one yields spin- up, measurement along the same axis for the other atom would yield spin-down, to be consistent with total spin equal to zero. This is an interesting experiment because of the incompatibility of spin components makes it analogous to position and momentum conjugates. Bohm eventually went on to publish a more sophisticated paper with plausible instrumentation to test his theories with Yakir Aharonov in 1957. A thought experiment that is discusses the ideas of Bell’s inequalities are as follows. Consider two observers that are initially together and agree that they will be given red or green balls at regular intervals, from this they conclude that only red or green

River flows from the side of the hill named Xiangshan; Students work in the quiet garden view campus, which the buildings there are decorated with historical ceramic tiles.

The carbon dioxide in the air reacts with some of the sodium hydroxide to form sodium carbonate. This sodium carbonate is then electrolysed to release the carbon dioxide, which is collected and stored. A dehumidifier condenses water out of the same air passed into the tower, with this condensed water then passed into an electrolyser where it is split into hydrogen and oxygen. The carbon dioxide and hydrogren are reacted together to make a hydrocarbon mixture, with reaction conditions varied depending on the kind of fuel required. The product can then be mixed with the same additives used in current fuels to ease starting, burn cleanly and avoid corrosion problems. Otherwise it can be blended directly with gasoline, diesel and aviation fuel.” (Gayle, 2012). A small facility for testing needs to be established in place currently is ideal for the R & D portion followed by a larger manufacturing plant that can distribute to regional facilities that can deliver to consumers for product launch. The delivery can either be handed by external stakeholders or the company directly. The suggested method would be external rather than internal due in part to adding a client base from the partner for deliveries. After such time, the firm can begin to outsource to other fuel manufacturers after a foothold on the market has been gained. This can be done by way of patents and offering similar plans to the market with

This Chapter discusses the progress made using the Nottingham Pulse Rig towards determining the mechanism of the Fischer Tropsch reaction. A summary of the three main mechanisms proposed in the literature was outlined in Chapter 1 but is still the subject of much debate.1-6 Generally the carbide mechanism is accepted for Fe catalysts,7 but the mechanism over Co catalysts is less clear.1 Ge and Neurock,8 as well as Ojeda et al.,4 have suggested that the carbide mechanism is the pathway for FT synthesis on Co catalysts. However, they disagree over the route to CO dissociation; direct dissociation of the carbonyl bond has been proposed by Ge and Neurock, whilst Ojeda et al. have concluded that carbonyl dissociation proceeds via an H assisted

Syngas is a gas mixture of hydrogen and carbon monoxide, which are products from gasfireing any hydrocarbon material such as coal at a high pressure and temperature, 30 bar and 1500 °K. The present of the oxygen is the primary difference between gasification and combustion. When a feed gasfire, the oxygen or air is injected in small amount allowing part of the feed to burn completely which supply the required heat and pressure, then, the heat will break down the feed into synthesis gas (Higman & Burgt, 2003). This process consists of six main reactions: