Explain How A Sound Source In Space Will Stimulate Two Ears

An event similar to missing time can take place while hearing binaural noises intended to cause altered states of

In Passage 2, Tabitha Callaway states, because sound is a vibration, it can be picked up without any ears.''

Hearing serves a crucial benefit for understanding the world around us. During the 1940’s, Dr. Ramsdell realized that hearing serves four crucial function; symbolically we are informed or entertained, aesthetically hearing is naturally pleasing, warningly we are alerted or prepared, primitively we are aware of our surroundings [1]. The ear is typically divided into three sections, used to simplify the hearing process. The first section, or the outer ear, is composed of the auricle (skin covered cartilage), the auditory canal, and the tympanic membrane (the outer layer of the eardrum). The middle ear section contains the eardrum, tympanic cavity, and the ossicles. These ossicles are three small bones often referred to as malleus (hammer),

Sound is very interesting and has many topics to discuss on what systems we use to understand all of it. Humans brains are very important for sounds and vibrations but so are our ears. Ears are how we hear and gather sounds and our brain is used for understanding and processing all of the sounds and vibrations we have previously

“Auditory Processing Disorder is a measurable neurological defect located in the higher auditory neural pathways. Sound waves enter each ear canal and are passed through the middle ear where they are “prepared” for delivery to the cochlea (part of the inner ear). The cochlea “transduces” the sound waves into electric nerve pulses, which are sent to the brain by way of the hearing nerve (VIII Cranial nerve). The eighth nerve inserts at the brainstem, where a complex network

However, one ear hears sounds at a different timing or pitch than the other ear.

The binaural recordings work by the principle of brainwave entrainment. They are designed especially to lower brainwave frequencies to the

Foy of the American Osteopathic Association, common hand-held devices can produce sounds up to 120 decibels, this high level of noise can cause noise-induced hearing loss after only about an hour and 15 minutes of continuous listening. Several experts have stated that the increase of hearing loss among children may be caused the recurrent use of earbuds. Noise-Induced Hearing Loss from earbuds is generally a gradual and cumulative occurrence. There are no obvious signs that indicate the start of hearing loss, however, the National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders suggests to avoid recurrent loud exposures to sounds at or above 85 decibels as much as possible because these high decibel levels can some form of noise-induced hearing loss (par. 6). The higher the decibel level is, the quicker it takes noise-induced hearing loss to occur. To hear, it relies on a series of events that change the sound waves in the air into electrical signals that get sent to the brain. The ear is split in three “parts” the outer, middle, and inner ear. The National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders explains how sound waves enter in from the outer ear and travel through the ear canal which eventually leads to the eardrum. The eardrum then begins to vibrate from the sound and sends the vibrations to three minuscule bones in the middle ear, the malleus, incus, and stapes. These three bones in the middle ear transform the air sound waves

Studies examining the benefits of bimodal hearing, in which patients with a unilateral CI use a hearing aid in the contralateral ear, have noted improved ability to discriminate differences in pitch (Kang, Nimmons, Drennan, Longnion & Ruffi, 2009; Wright & Uchanski, 2012), perceive speech in noise (Dunn, Tyler & Witt, 2005; Gifford, Dorman, McKarns & Spahr, 2007; Dorman et al., 2008), and localize sound (Dunn Perreau, Gantz, & Tyler, 2010). Though high frequency amplification is not typically effective for people with a sloping severe-profound HL configuration, there is compelling evidence that low-frequency residual hearing should be preserved and amplified.

The human ear is not capable of hearing frequencies below 20 Hz, exactly the frequency range of Alpha, Theta, Delta and Beta brainwaves. If two auditory pure-sine waves, both at a frequency lower than 1500 Hz and less than 40 Hz apart, are heard dichotically, a third tone is heard at a frequency which is a difference of the two sound waves. This third tone is known as a binaural beat (Oster, G. Auditory Beats in the Brain, (1973)).

Temporal processing relates to the incorporation and integration of diverse acoustic signals over time. The auditory system works to address the spectral and temporal modulations of speech, identification of sound location, speech in noise, and other environmental and auditory stimuli. Temporal processing consists of the ability to sequence, discriminate, integrate, and mask incoming auditory signals (Shinn, 2003). The auditory system recognizes the location and discrimination of sounds through communication of neurons in the central ascending auditory pathway. Phase-locking with varying frequency cutoffs based on test subjects affects this coding of signal (Paolini, FitzGerald, Burkitt, & Clark, 2001). Neurons must fire fast and precise in order to detect the brief time differences between stimuli. With the help of potassium channels at both presynaptic and postsynaptic action potential (AP) locations, these neurons remain constantly

A perceptual integration of the two signals takes place, producing the sensation of a third "beat" frequency… which is the difference between the signals waxing and waning, as the two different input frequencies move in and out of phase with each other? As a result of these constantly increasing and decreasing differences, a modulated standing wave (the binaural beat) is heard. The binaural beat is perceived as a fluctuating rhythm at the frequency of the difference between the two auditory

Sound localization models simulate the human auditory system to estimate the processing of spatial information. For example, the Jeffress model uses delay lines and coincidence cells to mimic the processing of ITDs in the brainstem. According to this model, two separate delay lines exist for each ear that run parallel (axonal delay paths). The signals travelling along both delay lines meet at a coincidence cell, which then sends a signal to the next stage. If a sound signal is impinging from a sideways direction, the signal arrives first at the ipsilateral side due to path-length differences from the sound source to each of the two ears. The signal at the ipsilateral side enters the delay line first and has more time to travel before it meets the signal from the contralateral ear. Consequently, both signals will evoke a laterally displaced coincidence cell. A number of studies have demonstrated characteristic delay in medial superior olive neurons

When a sufficiently intense acoustic signal is presented to either of the ears, stapedius muscle in both the ears contract, as a response to this sound. This phenomenon is termed as AR.

The term cochlear amplifier, coined by Thomas Gold in 1948, can be described as a positive feedback mechanism whereby outer hair cells amplify displacements of the basilar membrane in the cochlea. It characterises ‘the collection of processes that increase sound vibrations in the inner ear’ (Ashmore & Gale, 2004). Sounds are generated by movement of air molecules that create changes in air pressure. These changes in pressure are called compressions, when the molecules are closer together, and rarefication, when the molecules are less densely packed and are cyclic, thus making a pressure wave. The human auditory system is able to respond to these pressure waves over a range of about 20 hertz (Hz) to 20,000 Hz. The intensity of a sound is