Explain The Four Forces Of Evolution

The four forces of evolution are: gene flow, natural selection, mutation, and genetic drift. Gene flow is when two populations change genetic material. This exchange in genetic material often results from having an allele drift to fixation. Natural selection is when certain organism survive certain situations based off the traits that they have that make them better equipped to do so. Mutation is a the change in a gene or chromosome in DNA sequences in many forms that happen randomly. This change and mutation can be from substitutions, additions or deletions.

believed that genetically aberrant hemoglobin evolved as a protection against malaria."(2) It has also been said that, "People with a single copy of a particular genetic mutation [sickle cell trait] have a survival advantage. One copy of the mutation confers a benefit." (3) Its quite interesting to find that original purpose of this gene was

Frame shift mutations are the type of mutation caused by the addition or deletion of a base pair in the DNA resulting in the translation of the genetic code in an unnatural reading frame from the position of the mutation to the end of the gene. In the mutations, we added and deleted beads resulting in an incorrect sentence that does not make sense.

The frequency of the sickle-cell allele in populations provide a good example of adaptation on a genetic level. Is from what the person inherits from both parents if the parents carry the gene. When it comes to demographics/culture Sickle-cell allele is commonly found in American Americans people. With geography location and climate has had a big impact on where the disease is commonly found. Mutations inherently are fairly neutral because it is different for each person. For instance, in the video “Malaria and Sickle Cell Anemia” the two sibling at the beginning of the video both had Sickle Cell. Sky life, health wise is a lot better than her younger brother who had to have surgery

Among human beings, Sickle-Cell Anemia is a particularly well-studied example of adaptation. This chapter teaches me that Sickle-Cell Anemia is a painful disease in which oxygen-carrying red blood cells change shape and clog the finest parts of the circulatory system (page 57). Sickle- Cell changes their shape from the usual discs to shrunken sickle shapes. These sickle shaped red blood cell gives the disease its name. This type of disease is caused by a genetic mutation in a single base of the hemoglobin genes (page 58). It is considered that this disease is the result of when two abnormal Hemoglobin, a protein in red blood cells that passed down from parents to child as an autosomal recessive pattern. I don't not know anyone personally with

When Malaria is present and infects red blood cells, parasites can infect cells carrying defective hemoglobin which may result in death. Allele frequency changes over time depending on the pressures or circumstances facing a particular population. African populations are especially impacted by both malaria and sickle cell anemia. Depending on the impacted population, allele frequency often shifts and well suited organisms are likely to survive and allele frequencies can increase. When a population is effected by disease or other circumstances, allele frequency may decrease or change. HbA (normal hemoglobin) and HbS (defective hemoglobin) have varying frequencies and while the HbS gene is present in populations it is

Natural sources of variation include: mutations, gene flow, and genetic shuffling. Mutations are random changes in DNA that result in beneficial, harmful, or no changes in an organism. Gene flow can also be referred to as migration. It is the exchange of genes of individuals from one population to another. Genetic shuffling occurs in meiosis when alleles switch to create new combinations of genes. The steps of natural selection are overproduction, variation, competition, and selection. Overproduction is important because it keeps the species from becoming extinct and allows for more variation in offspring. Variation is what can either help the organism have a higher chance of surviving or could lower the chance of surviving.

Individuals with ancestry from the outlier Northern African ethnicities fell into a separate category showing little similarity with West, East and South Africans. The group of individuals with the greatest concentration of Africans and African Americans with and without the Sickle cell disease 55% and 43% respectively, were all from the Yoruba, Bantu, and Mandinka population. A significant percentage of individuals without the Sickle cell disease gene showed high level of Caucasian ancestry than Africans with sickle cell disease, demonstrating that Africans and African Americans with sickle cell disease have less similar genes with Caucasian in their ancestry. The research showed that individuals with Sickle cell disease have a genetic background most similar to that of the Mandinka, Yoruba, and Bantu tribe of West Africa. This is because individuals with Sickle cell disease inherit dual copies of the sickle mutation; a prevalent trait among the African populations. In the United States, sickle cell disease is common among the African American community. African Americans with Sickle cell disease have less Caucasian admixture than African Americans without the disease; their ancestry is most like the Mandinka, Yoruba, and Bantu populations in Western Africa. These observations can be applied to the interpretation of genetic association

Sickle cell anaemia has been proven to provide both those afflicted with the disorder and carriers with malarial resistance. In large populations of Africa, sickle cell anaemia is heavily prevalent due to such a high mortality rate of malaria. This is because the sickle cell trait will not be affected by the malaria disease, hence; those unaffected will survive to reproduce and pass down the gene. Statistics obtained from sicklecelldisease.org propose

Sickle cell anemia is more common in sub-Saharan regions of Africa, where malaria is prevalent, than it is in regions where malaria is not common. This is because being heterozygous for sickle cell anemia in malaria-prone regions carries a fitness.

. The first force of evolution is mutation. It can be random or influenced and occurs during mitosis or meiosis. It happens when there is a change in a persons genetic code; most mutations are harmless. The second force is natural selection. Natural selection is the survival of a species with the help of their biological characteristics. Fitness, a type of natural selection, is a species ability to survive and produce offspring. The third force is genetic drift. This is a random change in a species' allele frequency. This can happen during a catastrophic event (bottleneck effect) or during a species colonization in a new region (founder effect). The fourth and final force is gene flow. Gene flow is the migration and reproduction of alleles

The four common forces of evolution are: mutation, natural selection, genetic drift, and gene flow. Evolution transpires when one or more of instances occur. Mutations are a random hereditary change of DNA capable of passing from the parent to the off spring within each person’s own DNA. Natural mutations occur when cells are copied and begin to divide. The Genetic drift is a random change in allele frequency from one generation to the next and will have a greater impact in smaller populations. However, the genetic flow is a separated population of species that come in contact and will begin to breed and exchange DNA but also works to decrease the variations between the two different kind’s species. Natural selection is the process that

Evolution is a change in a population and is usually seen as a slow process, but the pace of evolution can be rapid. In this lab, two of the forces of evolution was tested natural selection and genetic drift. In natural selection, 60 beans were used, 15 of each of 4 different kinds of beans. For genetic drift 48 beans were used, 12 of each of 4 different kinds of beans. The exercises was repeated up to 10 generations. Maintaining the frequency of each variety of the beans from the end of one generation to the start of the next generation the population was rebuilt to 60 beans for the natural selection exercise and 48 beans for the genetic drift. By the end of the 10th generation, changes were seen in both forces of evolution. This shows that

Thousands of years ago, a genetic mutation occurred in people from the Mediterranean basin, India, Africa, and the Middle East. As the Malaria Epidemic attacked people of these countries, carriers of the defective hemoglobin gene survived. Carrying one defective gene means that a person has a sickle cell trait. Two parents with the trait will produce a child with sickle cell anemia. People of these countries migrated and spread to other areas. In the Western Hemisphere, where malaria is not much of a problem, having the abnormal hemoglobin gene has lost its advantage. Any child born from parents that each has the trait will be born with the disease.

Sickle cell anemia is an anemia that is inherited and mostly affects people whose heritage can be traced back to places where malaria was prevalent. There are approximately 100,000 Americans that have the disease and many more with the trait. Several of my family members are afflicted by this medical condition that causes red blood cells to take on an irregular shape.