Explain The Three Extremeophiles

At an area in which it inhabitable for normal organisms, but rich in minerals or other things that organisms need, organisms and bacteria can accidentally find their way in. Most of these things die and for thousands of years all of them might die but as soon as one manges to survive it will begin to create more heat resistant bacteria that can live in the mineral rich high-temperature water which is called, "natural selection"

Some species might thrive in conditions that other struggle to survive. For example some predators might need more oxygen then a smaller prey. With less predators being around, there is a huge burst in prey, which can eat up all of the bacteria. When the bacteria all die, the prey can’t find any food and all die out. This causes a very unreliable food chain and can be dangerous to live in. In hypoxic zones what tends to happen is that marine life such as fish or shrimp die out quickly while the smaller organisms live. This causes whole species to die out leaving a dominance of gelatinous creatures such as jellyfish to thrive in.

Finally there is the Hyperthermophiles. Found in very hot temperatures such as hydrothermal vents in deep oceans. With this said, the two microorganisms that I worked with would be known as Mesophiles. Both of these microorganisms grow on or in the human body. They prefer moist heat that is body temperature. I made an incubation box to help mimic the temperatures needed. Typically trying to maintain the temperature of thirty seven degrees Celsius.

Recent research has suggested the P. marinus may be a key contributor to evolution. Since the organism is incredibly abundant, it also produces an abundant amount of oxygen. Therefore, scientists propose that it has produced much of the oxygen we currently breathe, incited the explosion of early life within our oceans, and fueled the atmosphere’s ancient rise of oxygen. Researchers have also observed that there are differing ecotypes of P. marinus. Each ecotype has a unique hue (bright green, yellow, etc..) that corresponds to its depth. This makes the microbe extremely efficient while photosynthesizing. Additionally, this microbe has the power to regulate CO₂ levels that contribute to global warming, due to its part in the carbon cycle. P. marinus is also a key factor in the ocean’s food webs. It tends to thrive in nutrient-poor regions, making it a valuable food source in the ocean’s web. P. marinus also secretes a variety of peptides that in turn cause other oceanic microbes to secrete an enzyme. This enzyme is responsible for detoxifying reactive oxygen

Although early Earth was hostile, it provided a great environment for the production of organic molecules. Events such as lightning, volcanic eruptions, meteorites, radioactivity in the Earth’s crust, and the easy access of ultraviolet light, are thought to have provided the energy for these molecules to produce. Therefore, the conditions of early Earth were critical in the commencing of the first organic molecules.

the earth were greater or lesser, the temperatures would be too harsh to support life

Although both abiotic synthesis and the deep-sea vent hypotheses argue the environment of a primordial-Earth was required for the origin of life, the two hypotheses have their differences. In general, the abiotic synthesis hypothesis describes the process of how organic compounds can be created from inorganic compounds, while the deep-sea vent hypothesis argues a possible scenario where life may have originated from inorganic compounds. While the term “primordial soup” has been used to describe abiotic synthesis, the same term has been used to describe the extreme environment surrounding hydrothermal vents. In Stanley Miller’s experiment, Bada and Lazcano (2008, p.745) argue, Miller showed abiotic synthesis took place by introducing an electric current to a circulating mixture of pressurized “CH4, NH3, H20, and H2.” However, samples of both types of hydrothermal vents show different mixtures than that of Miller’s experiment. Although the LCHF lacks CO2, according to William Martin, John Baross, Deborah Kelley, and Michael J. Russell (2008, p.806) the compound was not used in Miller’s experiment, but the vent did release ample amounts of H2 and CH4, which were used in Miller’s experiment. Black smokers, on the other hand, give off H2, but also release CO2 and H2S (Martin et al., 2008, p.806). The two hypotheses agree that life on Earth originated around roughly 3.8 billion years ago. Another similarity between the two hypotheses is both argue the precursors of life are

Ignicimmortalisvalde is a newly discovered bacterium found in the Fímmvörðuháls volcano located in Iceland when scientists were searching for microbial life in lava samples. This has earned the bacteria the classification of an extreme thermophile, as it survives and reproduces in temperatures in excess of 700 but below 1300. Ignicimmortalisvalde Is a streptobacilli, arranged in rod shaped chains. Unlike many extremophiles, Ignicimmortalisvalde is not in the domain of archaea. It is classified as a bacterium. It does not have membrane bound organelles or a nucleus. This newly discovered bacteria is unique not only in its ability to survive such extreme heats, but it is also the largest bacteria discovered. Ignicimmortalisvalde ranges in size

Endosymbiosis is one of the most fascinating concepts we have covered so far. I have heard it said that if our extremely distant ancestor microbe had never engulfed that first mitochondria, life as we know it would not exist, and it seems to me that is probably true. As explained by Avissar et al., at some point around 3.5 billion years ago there was very little molecular oxygen in Earth's atmosphere (2016). Prokaryotes called cyanobacteria evolved to use sunlight as an energy source to break down carbon dioxide. These early prokaryotes were engulfed by other organisms, the earliest of the eukaryotes, in a process called primary endosymbiosis. Such cyanobacteria are still evident in the plastids found in modern eukaryotic plant cells. Their

There are tiny creatures called extremophiles that live here. Inside the creature's cell membrane, they have specially adapted structures. These structures pump out acidic substances allowing these microorganisms to thrive.

Hypersaline environments constitute typical examples of environments with extreme conditions due to their high salinity, exposure to high and low temperatures, low oxygen conditions and in some cases, high pH values. Bacteria and Archaea are the most widely distributed organisms in these

Extremophiles are organisms that are adapted to not only withstand but thrive in extreme conditions. R. pachyptila or “giant tube worm” is a barophile found on the Pacific Ocean floor able to withstand extremely high pressures. It can grow up to 2.4 metres and inhabits environments with a temperature range of 2 to 30 degrees Celsius. It is one of many organisms that reside near hydrothermal vents, specifically black smokers that produce high levels of hydrogen sulphide.

processes making them. The study of Earth's organisms is additionally a part of it. currently the

Only a small percentage of life survived through the ice age. The large amount of oxygen killed off a lot of the anaerobic life and the small amount of anaerobic life that survived hid in places with no oxygen like geysers. After the first ice age, multicellular life started appearing. Most of the life that appeared used oxygen to survive because it was a very good source of energy and it was everywhere. According to the timeline on http://www.bbc.co.uk/nature/history_of_the_earth#timeline, “The first Eukaryotes appeared 1.5 billion years ago. Eventually, they started evolving and evolving until they became complex life like plants and animals.

Carbon fixation in the oceans, while on a smaller scale than on land, also plays an important role in the food web of the ocean. As the previous excerpt from the article mentions, the fixation from Nitrospinae helps with about 90% of deep ocean waters where there is no sunlight to use. The organisms living beyond the reach of sunlight much rely on carbon fixation from bacteria. “And although scientists knew that these bacteria use nitrite to produce energy, the new study showed that the compound is the primary source of energy for the microbes. Marine microbiologist Frank Stewart of Georgia Tech in Atlanta says the study “exemplifies how advances in genomic methods can generate hypotheses about metabolism and ecology.” These findings suggest that scientists need to rethink how energy and materials cycle in the dark ocean, he says. ‘While this ocean realm remains underexplored, studies like this are models for how to close our knowledge gap.’”- (Paragraph Eight). As the previous excerpt from the article explains, scientists are aware of their lack of knowledge about our oceans and are continuing to study and learn more and more everyday. We are learning more about our deep oceans and how organisms are able to survive in such a dark, cold, and seemingly unforgiving place.