Explain The Three Methods Of Evolving Themselves In War Against Other Microorganisms

“Bacterial illness is a result of complex interactions between bacteria and the host. During evolution, humans developed many ways to protect themselves against bacterial pathogens. On the other hand, bacteria have developed strategies to evade, subvert or circumvent these defenses” (Sousa, 2003) “One of the most important characteristics of bacterial pathogenicity is the various strategies developed by prokaryotic organisms to use host molecules for their own benefit” (Sousa, 2003). “To accomplish this, bacteria have evolved elaborate control mechanisms to turn genes on and off, varying the transcriptional activator or

Antibiotic resistance evolves in bacteria. Charles Darwin created the theory of evolution which focused on natural selection being the key factor of how things change. Natural selection is when organisms that are better suited to the environment are able to reproduce successfully. Evolution is descent with modification. Bacteria can become resistant to antibiotics by a mutation. The bacteria that did not die from the antibiotic inherited the gene from an ancestor that made it resistant. Since the other bacteria is dying faster than the resistant bacteria, the resistant bacteria are able to multiply

In doing research for an example of natural selection, I came across antibiotic resistant bacteria. This has become one of the biggest threats to the healthcare community and Center for Disease Control. Through the use of antibiotics in treatments that are not necessarily bacterial infections, as well as the over use and misuse of antibiotics, bacteria have evolved in ways making the antibiotics used against them useless. If a bacteria manages to survive through a dose of an antibiotic, they are capable of mutating and can transfer their DNA to other bacteria. The new bacteria multiply quickly and spread to other parts of your body or outside of your body to a new host. Once the bacteria have mutated and its DNA has been transferred to

Antibiotic resistance has become a hot topic amongst scientists and healthcare professionals. It would be rare to observe in a clinical setting and not see some type of antibiotic resistant infection being treated. Scientists and medical doctors are scrambling trying to develop plans to discover new drugs or at least dampen the rate at which these organisms are developing resistance. Evolutionary biologists are claiming this type of resistance as proof of evolution, but is that a statement that is really supported by the evidence? It depends on which type of evolution is being talked about first. Macroevolution is the theory that one species can evolve into a totally different species. Microevolution is the change of genotypes and phenotypes

Depending on the bacteria species, the manner in which transformation occurs varies. Haemophilus influenza is an example that utilises membrane-bound vesicles to capture double-stranded DNA 3. On the other hand, S. pneumoniae can uptake single-stranded DNA molecules after its cells express competency factors 3. Alternatively, scientists in laboratories transform cells, including ones that are not naturally competent, by inducing them to uptake DNA 3. These transformed cells are now known as competent cells for they have been rendered able to uptake DNA from the environment 18. This artificial transformation process is achieved by using a procedure called the heat shock method 18. This transforming method includes adding DNA to cells in the

The video “Program Four: Creators of the Future” talks about microbes in general; especially how some of them are resistant to antibiotics in various circumstances. Microbes are all around the world, even inside us. Many microbes are beneficial to humans but some of them are not. They are mostly associated with illness and because of that, in 1928 Alexander Fleming invented penicillin, which is an antibiotic produced by mold. Penicillin was the first microbial product to kill human diseases. Some microbes are resistant to all antibiotics and cannot be treated. When penicillin functions correctly, it kills the bacteria by destroying their cell walls. Microbes reproduce by replicating themselves in two; when a mutation in the replication occurs, what happens is that the microbe with the mutation is going to be resistant to all antibiotics known for the moment. Nothing will stop microbes from mutating;

Antibiotic resistance is and continues to be a global public health issue1.One of the main concerns stems from the ability for bacteria to obtain antibiotic resistance very easily as a result of chromosomal changes, or through plasmids and transposons which generate an exchange of genetic material2. Resistance can also result from single or multiple mutations1,3. To combat this rising force, scientists must research and analyse the many possibilities of mutations in a variety of genes and proteins in specific bacteria and ways to combat them.

Antibiotic resistance is, in simplest terms, just natural selection – but at a hugely exacerbated rate. We can see the effects of natural selection in ourselves; that’s why we don’t have webbed fingers, because they didn’t exactly benefit the terrestrial human race. But while it takes human beings 20-30 years to reproduce, it takes most bacteria 20-30 minutes. Think about that for a second. By reproducing every 20 minutes, a single E. Coli bacterium can create 70 billion new bacteria in just 12 hours. About 2% of those bacteria will have some type of mutation, and

One of the four ways that bacteria can increase their genetic diversity is by conjugation. This is a process by which a bacterium can transfer genetic material to another bacterium of different mating type, through direct contact. During conjugation one bacterium is going to be the receptor of the genetic material while the other is going to be the donor. The donor bacterium is going to grow a tube-like structure called a pilus, which is going to be used to contact the other bacterium and to transfer the genetic material. Usually these genetic material is going to have the form of plasmid, which are small circular pieces of non-chromosomal DNA. Another method that bacteria have developed in order to acquire different DNA is transformation. These is a process by which some bacteria can get pieces of DNA from the external environment, under certain circumstances. Transformation occur naturally in Bacillus, and some Streptococcus and Staphylococcus species. The third means by which bacteria obtain new DNA is by the acquisition of plasmids. These plasmids can travel between bacteria of the same or different species, and the act like parasitic pieces of DNA that infect bacteria. Usually these plasmids are not required for the normal function of bacteria and is often expel by them, unless it contains material beneficial

Vertical gene transfer also plays a role in why antibiotics are resistance to cancer. This involves the movement of genetic materials from a parent to an offspring. Transformation then occurs which is where parts of DNA are collected through the external environment. Finally, transduction occurs when bacteria-specific viruses transfer DNA between two closely related bacteria. Another mechanism that is responsible for antibiotic resistance is horizontal gene transfer. Genetic material that is stored in small packets of DNA is moved from individual bacteria of the same species or even different species. (Housman, G., Byler, S., Heerboth, S., Lapinska, K., Longacre, M., Snyder, N., & Sarkar, S.

One of the greatest problems our world faces today is rising antibiotic resistance in viruses, bacteria and pathogens in general. This is a human-driven problem; the more we use antibiotics to save lives today, the stronger the pathogens infecting and harming us tomorrow will be. The entire problem is based in natural selection because antibiotics kill all of a pathogen except for a special few who were themselves deformed in a way that enabled them to survive. These then become the pathogens that infect everyone, so the previous solution is no longer able to solve the problem the next time around. There can be no single concrete solution, but rather endless research and discovery to stop these pathogens from causing death and destruction

Mobile genetic elements have the ability to encode bacterial pathogenicity, metabolic functions, and resistance factors. Genes that encode other toxins known as phage encoded, and plasmid encoded Gram negative, and Gram positive organisms have the ability to spread among a population. Gene transfer by plasmid and phage encoded microorganisms may play a role in the creation of new pathogenic variants. Other virulence factors can be found on the chromosome, and can function as virulence blocks. Specific areas on these genes are known as pathogenicity islands.These islands show us that genetic elements that effect bacterial virulence and the genetic flexibility of certain bacterium. They may be involved in the process of microbial evolution.

Little did I know before this project that bacteria had DNA nor did I know that the DNA inside the bacteria was able to be changed. Most of the time bacteria is changed through genetic engineering processes. These processes allow bacteria to do many different things like duplicate quicker or even sometimes make them antibiotic resistant to things such as penicillin. There are also benefits and danger of changing the bacteria inside DNA. Remember before ever considering to do this, consider the benefits and risks of the procedures.

Microbiologists believe that Mycobacterium tuberculosis becomes antibiotic resistant when it exchanges genes with other already resistant bacteria because bacteria mutate and spread rapidly within hours. There are three forms of gene mutations categorized as conjugation, transformation, and transduction. Conjugation permits the transfer of DNA from one cell to another whereas transformation occurs when a cell decays. While its cell wall falls apart, the inner genetic makeup becomes available to other

Bacterial transformation is the process of moving genes from a living thing to another with the help of a plasmid.The plasmid is able to help replicate the chromosomes by themselves; laboratories use these to aid in gene multiplication. Bacterial transformation is relevant in everyday lives due to the fact that almost all plasmids carry a bacterial origin of replication and an antibiotic resistance gene(“Addgene: Protocol - How to Do a Bacterial